The Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline (also known as the Bratstvo pipeline, Brotherhood pipeline, West-Siberian Pipeline, or Trans-Siberian Pipeline) is one of Russia's main natural gas export pipelines, partially owned and operated by Ukraine. It was part of the "gas in exchange for pipes program", and the Soviet-controlled bank "Ost-West Handelsbank" was opened in Frankfurt on 1 March 1973 to support the project.[1]
| Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline | |
|---|---|
 A Soviet stamp of 1983, dedicated to the Urengoy-Uzhhorod transcontinental export pipeline | |
| Location | |
| Country | Russia, Ukraine |
| General direction | north-south-west |
| From | Urengoy gas field |
| Passes through | Izhevsk, Yelets, Kursk, Romny, Zhmerynka, Bohorodchany, Ivano-Frankivsk |
| To | Uzhhorod |
| Runs alongside | Progress pipeline, Soyuz pipeline |
| General information | |
| Type | natural gas |
| Operator | Gazprom UkrTransGaz |
| Commissioned | 1984 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 4,500 km (2,800 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 32×109 m3 (1.1×1012 cu ft) per year |
History
editThe pipeline project was proposed in 1978 as an export pipeline from Yamburg gas field, but was later changed to the pipeline from Urengoy field, which was already in use. In July 1981, a consortium of German banks, led by Deutsche Bank, and the AKA Ausfuhrkredit GmbH agreed to provide 3.4 billion Deutsche Mark in credits for the compressor stations. Later finance agreements were negotiated with a group of French banks and the Japan Export-Import Bank (JEXIM). In 1981-1982, contracts were signed with compressors and pipes suppliers Creusot-Loire, John Brown Engineering, Nuovo Pignone, AEG-Telefunken, Mannesmann, Dresser Industries, and Japan Steel Works. Pipe-layers were bought from Komatsu.[2]
The pipeline was constructed in 1982-1984. It complemented the Western Siberia-Western Europe transcontinental gas transportation system which had existed since 1973. The official inauguration ceremony took place in France.[3]
On 19 July 2011, UkrTransGaz started modernization of the pipeline.[4]
Route
editThe pipeline runs from Siberia's Urengoy gas field via a compressor plant at Pomar in Mari El to Uzhhorod in Western Ukraine. From there, the natural gas is transported to Central and Western European countries.[5] Together with the Soyuz (Orenburg–Western border) pipeline and Progres (Yamburg–Western border) pipeline it forms the western transit corridor in Ukraine.[6] It passes through a hub at Sudzha, Kursk Oblast then crosses the Russian–Ukrainian border north of Sumy. In Ukraine, it takes gas to the Uzhhorod pumping station on the Ukrainian border with Slovakia and to smaller pumping stations on the Hungarian and Romanian borders.[7] The pipeline crosses the Ural, the Carpathian mountains and more than 600 rivers including Ob, Volga, Don and Dnieper rivers.[8]
Technical features
editThe pipeline is 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) long, of which 1,160 kilometres (720 mi) is in Ukraine.[2][6] Its diameter is 56 inches (1,420 mm).[2] The original annual capacity of the pipeline was 32 billion cubic metres (1.1 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas per year.[2] By 2009, the factual annual capacity was 27.9 billion cubic metres (990 billion cubic feet).[6] It has 42 compressor stations, of which nine are in Ukraine.[2]
The telecommunications and cathodic protection systems of the pipeline were installed by Alcatel of France. The pipeline utilizes 85 dual CCTV stations for telecommunications.[9]
Operators
editThe Russian section of this pipeline is operated by Gazprom and the Ukrainian section is operated by UkrTransGaz.[citation needed] On 1 June 2022, 41.2 million cubic meters were transmitted through Ukraine.[10]
Controversies
editDisagreement among the allies
editSoviet plans to build the pipeline were strongly opposed by the US-administration of Ronald Reagan.[11][12][13] Americans were afraid that Western Europe would become dependent on the Soviet gas supplies, giving leverage to the Soviet Union. They also feared the Kremlin would use the export revenue for military purposes.[14] In December 1981, the US implemented sanctions preventing American companies from exporting oil and gas technologies to the Soviet Union. In June 1982, these sanctions were expanded to cover subsidiaries of US companies in Europe.[14]
Washington's Western European allies, however, refused to boycott the pipeline.[15][16] The foreign ministers of the European Economic Community called extension of the American sanctions illegal and sent a formal note of protest.[14] From the European perspective, participation in the pipeline project was seen as an opportunity for the depressed steel and engineering industry in Europe and as a way to diversify from the OPEC oil supplies.[14] Western European governments insisted that contracts already signed between the Soviets and European companies needed to be honored. This led to several European companies being sanctioned by the US.[17][18] Reagan reportedly said: "Well, they can have their damned pipeline. But not with American equipment and not with American technology."[19] The efforts by the US to prevent the construction of the pipeline, and its export embargo of supplies needed to build it (1980–84), constituted one of the most severe transatlantic crises of the Cold War.[18][20]
Forced labor
editThe construction of the pipeline was also subject to a United States Congressional hearing investigating the use of imported Vietnamese labor from re-education camps to build the pipeline.[21]
Accidents
editThe pipeline's first accident occurred even before the project began. On 15 December 1983, a fire broke out at a compressor station in Urengoy, destroying electronic monitoring devices and control panels, but no one was injured.[22]
On 7 May 2007, the pipeline exploded near the village of Luka, then in Tarashcha Raion of Kyiv Oblast, damaging a 30 metres (98 ft) section.[23][24] Another explosion happened on 6 December 2007 near the village of Tiahun.[25]
A terrorist explosion damaged the pipeline in Rozhniativ district in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in May 2014.[26] According to the Russian government owned radio station Voice of Russia terrorist threats against the pipeline were made by Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh in March 2014.[27] Another section of the pipeline exploded in the Poltava region on June 17, 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas to Ukrainian customers due to non-payment. Ukraine's Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said the next day, that the explosion had been caused by a bomb.[28]
An explosion on part of the pipeline in the Russian region of Chuvashia during maintenance work was reported on December 20, 2022; three people were reported to have been killed.[29]
In popular culture
editThe 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights uses an inspection gadget in the pipeline as a plot device to smuggle a KGB defector to the West.
In 1987, Antony Blinken's college thesis was published as his first book about that episode in Cold War history: Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis.
Books
edit- Antony J. Blinken (1987). Ally versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-92410-6
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Галина Аполлоновна Титова: В Сингапур я ездила разбираться десять лет" [Galina Apollonovna Titova: I went to Singapore to figure it out for ten years] (PDF). letopis.org (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hardt, John; Gold, Donna L. (1982-10-08). Soviet gas pipeline: U.S. Options (Congressional Research Service Reports) (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2018-04-30.
- ^ "History of the gas branch". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "Ukraine Launches Modernization Of Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod Gas Pipeline". Ukrainian News Agency. 2011-07-19. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
- ^ The Mineral Industry of the U.S.S.R. (Report). Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook area reports. 1981. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ a b c Master Plan. Ukrainian Gas Transmission System (UGTS). Priority Objects. Modernisation and Reconstruction (Report) (Brief ed.). Naftogaz, UkrTransGaz. 2009. pp. 7–13.
- ^ Pirani, Simon (2007). Ukraine's gas sector (PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-901795-63-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ Afzal, Amina (2004). "The Caspian region: competition for pipeline routes". Strategic Studies. XXIV (3). Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ I.V. Belousenko (1997). "Energy converters prove most reliable for Gazprom". Pipeline & Gas Journal. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "Gazprom Cuts Gas Supply to Orsted and Shell Energy". pgjonline.com. 1 June 2022.
- ^ "West Siberian Pipeline. Memorandum to the Assistant to the President for the National Security Affairs.NSC Meetings Box 91282 (169)" (PDF). The Secretary of Defence. 1981-07-08. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
- ^ "CBS Evening News: Trans-Siberian Pipeline". Evening News. 1982-02-26. CBS.
- ^ Lewis, Paul (1982-01-11). "U.S. asks its allies to deny to Soviet parts for pipeline". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ a b c d Lee, Jae-Seung; Connolly, Daniel (2016-04-30). "Pipeline Politics between Europe and Russia: A Historical Review from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War". The Korean Journal of International Studies. 14 (1): 105–129. doi:10.14731/kjis.2016.4.14.1.105. ISSN 2233-470X.
- ^ Rattner, Steven (1982-08-03). "Britain defying U.S. restriction in Soviet project". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ Lewis, Flora (1982-07-23). "France defies ban by U.S. on supplies for Soviet pipeline". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ Gelb, Leslie H. (1982-07-09). "Reagan is seeking ways to moderate Poland sanctions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ a b Hershey Jr, Robert D. (1982-09-02). "Reagan asserts U.S. will sharply ease pipeline sanctions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ Vernon, Wes (2007-04-23). "The inside story of the Soviet downfall". RenewAmerica. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.
- ^ "Energy Security Policy as Economic Statecraft: A Concise Historical Overview of the Last 100 Years" (PDF). Agora Without Frontiers. 9 (4): 307–329. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
- ^ Human-rights consequences of the proposed trans-Siberian natural gas pipeline. Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States, Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session. Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1982-06-18. OSTI 6209167.
- ^ "East-West: Incident at Urengoi". Time. 1984-01-23. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ Ukraine Pipeline Explosion (Report). Overseas Security Advisory Council. 2007-05-07. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ Zinets, Natalya (2007-05-07). "Blast hits Ukraine gas pipeline". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
- ^ "Ukrtranshaz Resumes Gas Transit To Europe Via Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod Pipeline". Pro-Consulting. 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "ru:СБУ увидела теракт во взрыве газопровода под Ивано-Франковском" [SBU saw a terrorist attack in the explosion of the gas pipeline under the Ivano-Frankivsk]. vesti.ua (in Russian). May 14, 2014.
- ^ Moore, Jack (March 17, 2014). "Ukraine: Neo-Fascist Leader Dmitry Yarosh Vows to Destroy Russia's Gas Pipelines to Stop 'World War III'". International Business Times.
- ^ "UPDATE 1-Blast at Ukraine gas pipeline said due to bomb, security increased". Reuters. June 18, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
- ^ "При взрыве на газопроводе в Чувашии погибли три человека" [Three people were killed in the explosion on the gas pipeline in Chuvashia]. РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-12-20.