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List of Scottish monarchs

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This article is about historical pre-1707 Scottish rulers. For legendary sovereigns, see Legendary kings of Scotland. For British monarchs since 1707, see List of British monarchs.

The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, Kenneth I MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) was the founder and first King of the Kingdom of Scotland (although he never held the title historically, being King of the Picts instead).[a]

Monarchy of Scotland
Royal coat of arms
Longest reigning
James VI
24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625
Details
First monarchKenneth I
Last monarchAnne
Formation843 (traditional)
Abolition1 May 1707
ResidenceRoyal Court of Scotland

The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as the Kingdom of Alba in Scottish Gaelic, which later became known in Scots and English as Scotland; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scottorum, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The Kingdom of Scotland was merged with the Kingdom of England to form a single Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Thus, Queen Anne became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and the first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns). Her uncle Charles II was the last monarch to be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651. He had a second coronation in England ten years later.

Heraldry

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Main article: Coat of arms of Scotland

List of monarchs of Scotland

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House of Alpin (848–1034)

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See also: Family tree of Scottish monarchs, List of Kings of the Picts, List of Kings of Strathclyde, List of kings of Dál Riata, and House of Alpin

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.

Modern English name
(Modern Gaelic name)
(Medieval Gaelic name)
Reign 		Epithet Title Dynastic status
Kenneth I MacAlpin[2]
(Coinneach mac Ailpein)
(Cináed mac Ailpín / Ciniod m. Ailpin)[3]
843/848 – 13 February 858 		An Ferbasach,
"The Conqueror"[4] 		Rex Pictorum
("King of the Picts") 		son of Alpin, king of Dál Riata
Donald I[5]
(Dòmhnall mac Solein)
(Domnall mac Ailpín)
858 – 13 April 862 		son of Alpin, king of Dál Riata, and brother of Kenneth I
Constantine I[6]
(Còiseam mac Choinnich)
(Causantín mac Cináeda)
862–877 		An Finn-Shoichleach,
"The Wine-Bountiful"[7] 		Son of Kenneth I
Áed[8]
(Aodh mac Choinnich)
(Áed mac Cináeda)
877–878
Giric[9]
(Griogair mac Dhunghail)
(Giric mac Dúngail)
878–889 		Mac Rath,
"Son of Fortune"[10] 		Son of Donald I?
Eochaid
( )
(Eochaid mac Run)
878–889?* 		grandson of Kenneth I*
Donald II[11]
(Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim)
(Domnall mac Causantín)
889–900 		Dásachtach,
"the Madman"[12] 		Rí Alban
("King of Scotland")
Rì nan Albannaich
("King of Scots") 		Son of Constantine I
Constantine II[13]
(Còiseam mac Aoidh)
(Causantín mac Áeda)
900–943 		An Midhaise,
"the Middle Aged"[14] 		Son of Áed
Malcolm I[15]
(Maol Chaluim mac Dhòmhnaill)
(Máel Coluim mac Domnall)
943–954 		An Bodhbhdercc,
"the Dangerous Red"[16] 		Son of Donald II
Indulf[17][18]
( )
(Ildulb mac Causantín)
954–962 		An Ionsaighthigh,
"the Aggressor"[19] 		Son of Constantine II
Dub / Dubh or Duff[20]
(Dub mac Maíl Choluim)
(Dubh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
962–967 		Dén,
"the Vehement"[21] 		Son of Malcolm I
Cuilén[22]
(Cuilean)
(Cuilén mac Ilduilb)
967–971 		An Fionn,
"the White"[23] 		Son of Indulf
Amlaíb
(Amhlaigh)
(Amlaíb mac Ilduilb)
973–977¤
Kenneth II[24]
(Coinneach mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
(Cináed mac Maíl Choluim)
971–995 		An Fionnghalach,
"the Fratricide"[25] 		Son of Malcolm I
Constantine III[26]
(Còiseam mac Chailein)
(Causantín mac Cuiléin)
995–997 		Son of Cuilén
Kenneth III[27]
(Coinneach mac Dhuibh)
(Cináed mac Duib)
997 – 25 March 1005 		An Donn,
"the Chief"/ "the Brown"[28] 		Son of Dub
Malcolm II[29]
(Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich)
(Máel Coluim mac Cináeda)
1005–1034 		Forranach,
"the Destroyer"[30] 		Son of Kenneth II

*Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric.

¤Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

House of Dunkeld (1034–1040)

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See also: House of Dunkeld

Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, another maternal grandson of Malcolm II.

Modern English name
(Modern Gaelic name)
(Medieval Gaelic name)
Reign 		Epithet Title Marriage(s) Dynastic status
Duncan I[31]
(Donnchadh mac Crìonain)
(Donnchad mac Crínáin)
1034–1040 		An t-Ilgarach
"the Diseased"
or "the Sick"[32] 		Rí Alban Suthen
at least two sons 		Grandson of Malcolm II (son of eldest daughter)

House of Moray (1040–1058)

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See also: House of Moray

Macbeth came to power in 1040 after killing Duncan I in battle and had a long and relatively successful reign. Macbeth was a cousin of Duncan and was a maternal grandson of Malcolm II. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach and became the king, thereby passing the throne back to the House of Dunkeld.

Modern English name
(Modern Gaelic name)
(Medieval Gaelic name)
Reign 		Epithet Title Marriage(s) Dynastic status
Macbeth[33]
(MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh)
(Mac Bethad mac Findláich)
1040–1057 		Rí Deircc
"the Red King"[34] 		Rí Alban Gruoch of Scotland
no children 		Son of Mormaer Findláech

Grandson of Malcolm II (son of second daughter)
Cousin of Duncan I

Lulach[35]
(Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain)
(Lulach mac Gille Comgaín)
1057–1058 		Tairbith
"the Unfortunate"[34]
-
Fatuus
"the Foolish"[36] 		Unknown
two children 		Son of Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray and Gruoch of Scotland
Step-son of Macbeth
Great-grandson of Kenneth II or Kenneth III through his mother

House of Dunkeld (restored) (1058–1286)

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In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III and Malcolm III's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm III's English-backed sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. Alexander III was the last ruler from the house of Dunkeld, and having no sons, the throne was inherited by his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway.

Modern English name
(Modern Gaelic name)
(Medieval Gaelic name)
Reign 		Epithet Title Marriage(s) Dynastic status
Malcolm III[37]
(Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh)
(Máel Coluim mac Donnchada)
1058–1093 		Cenn Mór ("Canmore")
"Great Chief"[38] 		Rí Alban / Scottorum basileus Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
three sons

Margaret of Wessex
1070
eight children 		Son of Duncan I
Donald III[39]
(Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh)
(Domnall mac Donnchada)
1093–1097 		Bán,
"the Fair" 		Rí Alban Unknown
at least one daughter
Duncan II[40]
(Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
(Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim)
1094 		Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum Ethelreda of Northumbria
one son 		Son of Malcolm III
Edgar[41]
(Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
(Étgar mac Maíl Choluim)
1097–1107 		Probus,
"the Valiant"[42] 		None
Alexander I[43]
(Alasdair mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
(Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim)
1107–1124 		"the Fierce"[44] Sybilla of Normandy
no children
David I[45]
(Dàibhidh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)
(Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim)
1124–1153 		"the Saint"[46] Maud, Countess of Huntingdon
1113
four children
Malcolm IV[47]
(Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig)
(Máel Coluim mac Eanric)
1153–1165 		Virgo
"the Maiden"
-
Cenn Mór,
"Great Chief"[38] 		None Grandson of David I
William I
(Uilleam mac Eanraig)
(Uilliam mac Eanric)
1165–1214 		"the Lion"
-
Garbh,
"the Rough"[48] 		Ermengarde de Beaumont
Woodstock Palace, Oxford, England
5 September 1186
four children
Alexander II[49]
(Alasdair mac Uilleim)
(Alaxandair mac Uilliam)
1214–1249 		Joan of England
York Minster, England
21 June 1221
no children

Marie de Coucy
Roxburgh
15 May 1239
one son 		Son of William I
Alexander III[50]
(Alasdair mac Alasdair)
(Alaxandair mac Alaxandair)
1249–1286 		Margaret of England
York Minster, England
25 December 1251
three children

Yolande de Dreux
Jedburgh Abbey
15 October 1285
no children 		Son of Alexander II

House of Sverre (1286–1290)

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See also: House of Sverre

Margaret, Maid of Norway inherited the throne in 1286, but died in 1290 in Orkney on her way to be crowned. During her absence, Scotland was ruled by a set of guardians. After her death, Scotland entered a period of interregnum, where 13 contenders fought for the throne and ultimately, John Balliol succeeded.

The status of Margaret, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. She was never crowned, [51] and her contemporaries in Scotland described her as "queen" very rarely, referring to her instead as Scotland's "lady", "heir", or "lady and heir".[52] On the other hand, documents issued from late 1286 no longer refer to the "king whosoever he may be", indicating that the throne may have been regarded as already occupied by Margaret. In modern historiography she is nearly unanimously called "queen", and reference books give 19 March 1286, the date of Alexander III's death, as the start of her reign.[52]

Name Birth Death Dynastic status
Margaret[53]
the Maid of Norway
1286–1290 		c. April 1283
Tønsberg, Norway
daughter of Eric II of Norway and Margaret of Scotland 		September/October 1290
St Margaret's Hope, Orkney
aged 7 		Granddaughter of Alexander III through his daughter

First Interregnum (1286–1292)

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Main article: Guardian of Scotland § Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292
See also: Margaret, Maid of Norway

The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, a young child, who inherited the throne in 1286. A set of guardians were appointed to rule Scotland in her absence since she was living in Norway where her father Eric II was king. She was finally sent to Scotland in 1290 but died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an arbitration in 1292.

House of Balliol (1292–1296)

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See also: House of Balliol

The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandson of David of Huntingdon. The Scottish magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Dynastic status
John Balliol[54]
Toom Tabard ("Empty Cloak")
(Iain Balliol)
1292–1296 		  c. 1249 Isabella de Warenne
9 February 1281
at least one son

c. 25 November 1314
Picardy, France

great-great-great-grandson of King David I
(election)

Second Interregnum (1296–1306)

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Main article: Guardian of Scotland § Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306
See also: First War of Scottish Independence

John Balliol abdicated in March 1296. That same month Edward I invaded Scotland. The second set of guardians were appointed under Edward I who ruled from 1296 to 1306, until the election of Robert the Bruce as the king of Scotland.

House of Bruce (1306–1371)

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See also: Clan Bruce

For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace and Andrew Moray, then John Comyn, and finally Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale who in turn was the grandson of David of Huntingdon, younger brother of William I) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently, he escaped to the outskirt islands, leaving the country completely leaderless, and the English invaded once again. Bruce returned a year later and gained support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Dynastic status
Robert I[55]
the Bruce
(Raibeart a Briuis)
1306–1329 		  11 July 1274
Turnberry Castle
son of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick[56]		 Isabella of Mar
1295
one daughter

Elizabeth de Burgh
Writtle, Essex, England
1302
four children 		7 June 1329
Manor of Cardross
aged 54 		great-great-great-great-grandson of King David I
(election)
David II[57]
(Dàibhidh Bruis)
1329–1371 		  5 March 1324
Dunfermline Abbey
son of Robert I and Elizabeth de Burgh 		Joan of England
Berwick-upon-Tweed
17 July 1328
no children

Margaret Drummond
Inchmurdach, Fife
20 February 1364
no children 		22 February 1371
Edinburgh Castle
aged 46 		son of Robert I (primogeniture)

House of Balliol (Disputed claimant) (1332–1356)

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Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol, who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy, France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Claim
Edward Balliol[58]
1332–1356
In opposition to David II 		  1283
Son of John Balliol and Isabella de Warenne 		None 1367
Doncaster, England
aged 83–84 		Son of John Balliol, candidate of the English to replace the exiled David II

House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)

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See also: House of Stuart and Clan Stewart

Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle-aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favored Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley, a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI.

James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603 when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with the Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England and declared that Charles II, son, and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Dynastic status
Robert II[59]
the Stewart
(Raibeart II Stiùbhairt)
1371–1390 		  2 March 1316
Paisley Abbey
son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland and Marjorie Bruce 		Elizabeth Mure
1336 (uncertain canonicity)
1349 (with Papal dispensation)
ten children

Euphemia de Ross
2 May 1355
four children 		19 April 1390
Dundonald Castle
aged 74 		grandson of Robert I through his daughter
(primogeniture)
Robert III[60]
(born John Stewart)
the Lame King
(Raibeart III Stiùbhairt, An Righ Bhacaigh)
1390–1406 		  c. 1337
unknown
son of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure 		Anabella Drummond
1367
seven children 		4 April 1406
Rothesay Castle
aged about 69 		son of Robert II (primogeniture)
James I[61]
(Seumas I Stiùbhairt)
1406–1437 		  late July 1394
Dunfermline Abbey
son of Robert III and Anabella Drummond 		Joan Beaufort
Southwark Cathedral
2 February 1424
eight children 		21 February 1437
Church of the Friars Preachers of Blessed Virgin and Saint Dominic at Perth
aged about 42 (assassinated)		 son of Robert III (primogeniture)
James II[62]
Fiery Face
(Seumas II Stiùbhairt)
1437–1460 		  16 October 1430
Holyrood Abbey
son of James I and Joan Beaufort 		Mary of Guelders
Holyrood Abbey
3 July 1449
seven children 		3 August 1460
Roxburgh Castle
aged 29 		son of James I (primogeniture)
James III[63]
(Seumas III Stiùbhairt)
1460–1488 		  10 July 1451
Stirling Castle or St Andrews Castle
son of James II and Mary of Guelders 		Margaret of Denmark
Holyrood Abbey
13 July 1469
three children 		11 June 1488
Sauchie Burn
aged 36 		son of James II (primogeniture)
James IV[64]
(Seumas IV Stiùbhairt)
1488–1513 		  17 March 1473
Stirling Castle
son of James III and Margaret of Denmark 		Margaret Tudor
Holyrood Abbey
8 August 1503
six children 		9 September 1513
Flodden Field, Northumberland, England
aged 40 		son of James III (primogeniture)
James V[65]
(Seumas V Stiùbhairt)
1513–1542 		  15 April 1512
Linlithgow Palace
son of James IV and Margaret Tudor 		Madeleine of Valois
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France
1 January 1537
no children

Mary of Guise
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France
18 May 1538
three children 		14 December 1542
Falkland Palace
aged 30 		son of James IV (primogeniture)
Mary I[66]
(Màiri Stiùbhairt)
1542–1567 		  8 December 1542
Linlithgow Palace
daughter of James V and Mary of Guise 		François II, King of France
24 April 1558
no children

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh
9 July 1565
one child

James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
Palace of Holyroodhouse
15 May 1567
no children 		8 February 1587
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England
aged 44 (executed) 		daughter of James V (cognatic primogeniture)
James VI[67]
(Seumas VI Stiùbhairt)
1567–1625 		  19 June 1566
Edinburgh Castle
son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I 		Anne of Denmark
Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo, Norway
23 November 1589
seven children 		27 March 1625
Theobalds House, Hertfordshire, England
aged 58 		son of Mary I (primogeniture)
Charles I[68]
(Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt)
1625–1649 		  19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace
son of James VI and Anne of Denmark 		Henrietta Maria of France
St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, England
13 June 1625
nine children 		30 January 1649
Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England
aged 48 (executed) 		son of James VI (primogeniture)
Charles II[69]
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt)
1649–1651 		  29 May 1630
St James's Palace, Westminster, England
son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 		Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth, England
14 May 1662
no children 		6 February 1685
Palace of Whitehall
aged 54 		son of Charles I (primogeniture)

Third Interregnum (1651–1660)

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Main article: Scotland under the Commonwealth

House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)

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With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favored the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories were needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes, and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Claim
Charles II[69]
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt)
1660–1685 		  29 May 1630
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 		Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth, England
14 May 1662
No children 		6 February 1685
Palace of Whitehall
Aged 54 		Son of Charles I (primogeniture)
James VII[70]
(Seumas VII Stiùbhairt)
1685–1688 		  14 October 1633
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 		Anne Hyde
The Strand, London, England
3 September 1660
Eight children
Mary of Modena
Dover, England
21 November 1673
Seven children 		16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
Aged 67
Mary II[71]
(Màiri II Stiùbhairt)
1689–1694 		  30 April 1662
St James's Palace, England
Daughter of James VII (II of England) and Anne Hyde 		St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children. A miscarriage may have rendered Mary infertile 		28 December 1694
Kensington Palace, England
Aged 32 		Daughter of James VII (offered the crown by the Parliament)
William II[71]
(Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange")
1689–1702 		  4 November 1650
Binnenhof, The Hague, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal 		8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51 		Grandson of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament)
Anne[72]
(Anna Stiùbhairt)
1702–1707
(Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
1707–1714) 		  6 February 1665
St James's Palace
Daughter of James VII and Anne Hyde 		George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
5 children, none of whom survived childhood; 12 miscarriages and still-births 		1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49 		Daughter of James VII (primogeniture)
Bill of Rights 1689

Acts of Union

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See also: List of British monarchs

The Acts of Union were twin Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain.[73]

Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when the Scottish king James VI succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, before the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.

Later claimants

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Main article: Jacobite succession

James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son Charles, on behalf of his father, in 1745–6, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.

  • "James VIII", also known as The Old Pretender, son of James VII, was claimant from 1701 until he died in 1766.
  • "Charles III", also known as The Young Pretender and often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James VIII, was claimant from his father's death until his death in 1788 without legitimate issue.
  • "Henry I", brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII. Died unmarried in 1807.

After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.

In 1971, Ugandan President Idi Amin proclaimed himself to be the uncrowned king of Scotland,[74] although this claim gained no international recognition.

Timeline of Scottish monarchs

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Anne, Queen of Great BritainWilliam III of EnglandMary II of EnglandJames II of EnglandCharles II of EnglandRichard CromwellOliver CromwellCharles II of EnglandCharles I of EnglandJames VI and IMary, Queen of ScotsJames V of ScotlandJames IV of ScotlandJames III of ScotlandJames II of ScotlandJames I of ScotlandRobert III of ScotlandRobert II of ScotlandDavid II of ScotlandRobert I of ScotlandJohn BalliolMargaret, Maid of NorwayAlexander III of ScotlandAlexander II of ScotlandWilliam I of ScotlandMalcolm IV of ScotlandDavid I of ScotlandAlexander I of ScotlandEdgar of ScotlandDuncan II of ScotlandDonald III of ScotlandMalcolm III of ScotlandLulach of ScotlandMacbeth of ScotlandDuncan I of ScotlandMalcolm II of ScotlandKenneth III of ScotlandConstantine III of ScotlandKenneth II of ScotlandAmlaíb of ScotlandCuilén of ScotlandDub of ScotlandIndulf of ScotlandMalcolm I of ScotlandConstantine II of ScotlandDonald II of ScotlandEochaid of ScotlandGiric of ScotlandÁed of ScotlandConstantine I of ScotlandDonald I of ScotlandKenneth I of ScotlandHouse of StuartOliver CromwellHouse of StuartHouse of StewartHouse of BruceGuardian of ScotlandJohn de BalliolGuardian of ScotlandHouse of FairhairHouse of DunkeldHouse of Alpin

Coronation oath

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The Scottish coronation oath sworn by James VI, Charles I, and Charles II and approved by the Parliament of Scotland in 1567:

I, N.N., promise faithfully, in the presence of the eternal, my God, that I, enduring the whole Course of my Life, shall serve the same Eternal, my God, to the utmost of my Power, accordingly as he required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Jesus Christ, the preaching of his Holy Word, and due and right administration of his Sacraments, now received and practised within this Realm; and shall abolish and oppose all false Religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the People committed to my Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his foresaid Word, and according to the lovable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, in no way repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal, my God; and shall procure to my utmost to the Kirk of God and whole Christian people true and perfect Peace in all times coming; the Rights and Rents, with all just privileges of the Crown of Scotland, I shall preserve and keep inviolate, neither shall I transfer nor alienate the same; I shall forbid and repress in all Estates and all Degrees theft, Oppression and all kind of Wrong; in all Judgements, I shall command and procure that Justice and Equity be kept to all creatures without exception, as he be merciful to me and you that is the Lord and Father of all Mercies; and out of all my lands and empire I shall be careful to root out all Heresy and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God of the foresaid Crimes; and these Things above-written I faithfully affirm by my solemn Oath.

The coronation oath sworn by William II, Mary II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689.[75] The oath was as follows:

WE William and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, faithfully promise and swear, by this our solemn Oath, in presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole Course of our Life we will serve the same Eternal God, to the uttermost of our Power, according as he has required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Christ Jesus, the preaching of his Holy Word, and the due and right Ministration of the Sacraments, now received and preached within the Realm of Scotland; and shall abolish and gainstand all false Religion contrary to the same, and shall rule the People committed to our Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his aforesaid Word, and according to the laudable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, no ways repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal God; and shall procure, to the utmost of our power, to the Kirk of God, and whole Christian People, true and perfect Peace in all time coming. That we shall preserve and keep inviolated the Rights and Rents, with all just Privileges of the Crown of Scotland, neither shall we transfer nor alienate the same; that we shall forbid and repress in all Estates and Degrees, Reif, Oppression and all kind of Wrong. And we shall command and procure, that Justice and Equity in all Judgments be kept to all Persons without exception, us the Lord and Father of all Mercies shall be merciful to us. And we shall be careful to root out all Heretics and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God, of the aforesaid Crimes, out of our Lands and Empire of Scotland. And we faithfully affirm the Things above-written by our solemn Oath.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Historically, the Kingdom of Scotland is thought to have grown out of an earlier "Kingdom of the Picts" (and later the Kingdom of Strathclyde that was conquered in the 11th century, becoming part of the new Kingdom of Scotland). However, in reality, the distinction is a product of later medieval myth and confusion resulting from a change in nomenclature: Rex Pictorum ('King of the Picts') became Rí Alban ('King of Alba') under Donald II, when annals switched from Latin to vernacular around the end of the 9th century. By this time, the word Alba in Scottish Gaelic had come to refer to the Kingdom of the Picts rather than Britain (its older meaning).[1]

References

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  1. ^ Broun, Scottish Independence. pp. 71–97.
  2. ^ "Kenneth I (r. 834–858)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  3. ^ Properly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.
  4. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 83.
  5. ^ "Donald I (r. 859–863)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  6. ^ "Constantine I (r. 863–877)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  7. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 85.
  8. ^ "Aed (r. 877–878)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  9. ^ "Giric (r. 878–889)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  10. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 87.
  11. ^ "Donald II (r. 889–900)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  12. ^ Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 58.
  13. ^ "Constantine II (r. 900–943)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  14. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 91; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 65.
  15. ^ "Malcolm I (r. 943–954)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  16. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 93.
  17. ^ "Indulf (r. 954–962)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  18. ^ His name is a Gaelicisation of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach; Ildulb is used by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p, 89.
  19. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 94.
  20. ^ "Dubh or Duff (r. 962–967)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  21. ^ Duan Albanach, 23 here; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.
  22. ^ "Culen or Colin (r. 967–971)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  23. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 95.
  24. ^ "Kenneth II (r. 971–995)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  25. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 96.
  26. ^ "Constantine III (r. 995–997)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Kenneth III (r. 997–1005)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  28. ^ Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish donn has similar meaning to Old Irish greimm, which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, Chronicles, p. 98; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 105.
  29. ^ "Malcolm II (r. 1005–1034)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  30. ^ Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
  31. ^ "Duncan I (r. 1034–1040)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  32. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.
  33. ^ "Macbeth (r. 1040–1057)". royal.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  34. ^ a b Skene, Chronicles, p. 102.
  35. ^ "Lulach (r. 1057–1058)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  36. ^ Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 603.
  37. ^ "Malcolm III (r. 1058–1093)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  38. ^ a b This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, David I, p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.
  39. ^ "Donald III (r. 1093–1094, 1094–1097)". royal.gov.uk. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  40. ^ "Duncan II (r. 1094)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  41. ^ "Edgar (r. 1097–1107)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  42. ^ Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 141.
  43. ^ "Alexander I (r. 1107–1124)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  44. ^ This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of Andrew of Wyntoun.
  45. ^ "David I (r. 1124–1153)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  46. ^ Later nickname. Latin Sanctus also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised.
  47. ^ "Malcolm IV (r. 1153–1165)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  48. ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
  49. ^ "Alexander II (r. 1214–1249)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  50. ^ "Alexander III (r. 1249–1286)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  51. ^ Oram 2002, p. 107.
  52. ^ a b Duncan 2002, p. 181.
  53. ^ "Margaret (r. 1286–1290)". royal.gov.uk. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  54. ^ "John Balliol (r. 1292–1296)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  55. ^ "Robert I (r. 1306–1329)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  56. ^ Rasmusen, Barbara Mure (1996). Robert The Bruce. Publisher: Heinemann. ISBN 0-431-05883-0.
  57. ^ "David II (r. 1329–1371)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  58. ^ "Edward Balliol (r. for periods 1332–1356)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  59. ^ "Robert II (r. 1371–1390)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  60. ^ "Robert III (r. 1390–1406)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  61. ^ "James I (r. 1406–1437)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  62. ^ "James II (r. 1437–1460)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  63. ^ "James III (r. 1460–1488)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  64. ^ "James IV (r. 1488–1513)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  65. ^ "James V (r. 1513–1542)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  66. ^ "Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  67. ^ "James VI and I (r. 1567–1625)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  68. ^ "Charles I (r. 1625–1649)". royal.gov.uk. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  69. ^ a b "Charles II (r. 1660–1685)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  70. ^ "James II (r. 1685–1688)". royal.gov.uk. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  71. ^ a b "William II and III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  72. ^ "Anne (r. 1702–1714)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  73. ^ Welcome Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008
  74. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. ISBN 9780465000715.
  75. ^ Scottish Parliament Project.

Bibliography

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