Tel Haror (Hebrew name) or Tell Abu Hureyra[1] (Arabic name; also spelled Hureira and Hareira), also known as Tel Heror,[citation needed] is an archaeological site in the western Negev Desert, Israel,[1] northwest of Beersheba, about 20 km east of the Mediterranean Sea,[citation needed] situated on the north bank of Wadi Gerar,[1] a wadi known in Arabic as Wadi esh-Sheri'a. During the Middle Bronze Age II it was one of the largest urban centres in the area,[citation needed] occupying about 40 acres.[1] The city contains substantial remains of Middle Bronze Age II through to Persian-period settlement strata.[1]
Excavations
edit
W.F. Albright suggested as early as 1924 that there was a Cushite colony here founded in the tenth century BCE.
In 1956 Yohanan Aharoni identified biblical Gerar with the site of Tell Abu Hureira (Tel Haror).
Tel Haror was excavated by Eliezer Oren of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev between 1982 and 1992. In 2010, there were also further explorations by Oren with P. Nahshoni and G. Bar-Oz.
Substantial remains of Middle Bronze to late Iron Age settlement strata were uncovered.[2]
History
editMiddle Bronze II city
editFortifications
editThe extensive MBIII fortified city of Tel Haror was enclosed by an elaborate system of earthen ramparts fronted by a deep ditch.[3]
Migdol temple
editWithin the city a sacred precinct was excavated, including a migdol temple that contained numerous remains of animal sacrifice, as well as cultic pottery, some of it imported. Numerous ritual deposits (favissae) were found. The migdol temple had external dimensions of 9×15 m with massive walls that may have originally been as high as 10m. Within the fortifications,[dubious – discuss] there is a well, more than 10m deep.[citation needed]
A Minoan graffito was found in the sacred precinct dating to ca. 1600 BCE. Analyses of the sherd determined that it originated in Crete, most likely the south coast. The three signs were inscribed prior to firing.[4] The signs may either represent Linear A writing, or the Cretan hieroglyphs.[citation needed]
Unique donkey burial
editAn unprecedented find was the skeleton of a ritually interred juvenile donkey with a metal horse bit in association with its teeth and saddlebag fastenings on its back, in the site's Middle Bronze Age III (1700/1650-1550 BCE) sacred precinct. While donkey remains from this period are not unknown, the animal's young age, complete condition, and context all suggest it was a sacrificial offering.[5]
Identification with ancient cities
editArchaeologist Anson Rainey proposed Tel Haror as the site of the fortress of Sharuhen, known from ancient Egyptian sources. This identification is also supported by Donald Redford, because of the site's immense size and important geographical position.[6]
Tel Haror is also widely accepted as the site of ancient Gerar,[7] an identification for which it competes with the other three large tells between Gaza and Beersheba, Tell Jemmeh, Tell esh-Sharia (see Tel Sera at Hebrew-language Wikipedia:[8][circular reference]) and Tell et-Tuwail[9] (also spelled Tell et-Tuwaiyil; by the Byzantine site of Be'er Osnat, near Kibbutz Tze'elim).[10]
This was one of the cities of the Philistines.[citation needed] Philistine pottery was found on the site.[citation needed]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001). Haror (Tel); Abu Hureyra (Tell). New York and London: Continuum. p. 219. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Bar-Oz, G., Nahshoni, P., Motro, H., & Oren, E. D. (2013). Symbolic Metal Bit and Saddlebag Fastenings in a Middle Bronze Age Donkey Burial. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58648. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058648
- ^ Oren E.D. and Yekutieli Y. 1996. The Middle Bronze Age Defence System at Tel Haror. Eretz Israel 25:15–26 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 87*)
- ^ Day, Peter M., et al. 1999 Petrographic Analysis of the Tel Haror Inscribed Sherd: Seeking Provenance Within Crete. Aegaeum 20: 191–96
- ^ Symbolic Metal Bit and Saddlebag Fastenings in a Middle Bronze Age Donkey Burial, March 2013 PLOS ONE
- ^ Donald B. Redford, The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Volume 16 of Culture and History of the Ancient near East. BRILL, 2003 ISBN 9004129898 p11
- ^ Oren, Eliezer D. (1992), Gerar (Place). Pp. 989–91 in The Anchor Bible Dictionary 2, ed. David N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday
- ^ he:תל שרע
- ^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001). Gerar. New York and London: Continuum. p. 193. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Erickson-Gini, Tali (2016). "Tell et-Tuwaiyil. Final Report, 28/12/2016". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 128. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. ISSN 1565-5334. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
Bibliography
edit- Day, Peter M., et al. 1999 Petrographic Analysis of the Tel Haror Inscribed Sherd: Seeking Provenance Within Crete. Aegaeum 20: 191–96.
- E.D. OREN, "The 'kingdom of Sharuhen' and the Hyksos kingdom," in E.D. OREN (ed.), The Hyksos: new historical and archaeological perspectives (1997) 253-283
- Oren, Eliezer D., et al. 1996 A Minoan Graffito from Tel Haror (Negev, Israel). Cretan Studies 5: 91–118.
- E.D. OREN, "Tel Haror," in E. STERN (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land (1993) 580-584
External links
edit- Prof. Eliezer Oren site at academia.edu