Reims, located in the north-east of modern France, hosted several councils or synods in the Roman Catholic Church. These councils did not universally represent the church and are not counted among the official ecumenical councils.
Early synodal councils of Reims
edit- The first synod, said to have been held at Reims by Archbishop Sonnatius between 624 and 630, is probably identical with that held at Clichy (Clippiacum) in 626 or 627.
- In 813 Archbishop Wulfar presided at a synod of reform (Werminghoff in "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Concilia aevi Carol. I", I, Hanover, 1904, 253 sq.).
Council of Reims, 991
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A council, usually called the Synod of St-Basle, was convoked at Reims by King Hugues Capet, assisted by Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II, to consider the case of Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, illegitimate son of the late King Lothair. Arnulf was accused of conspiring with his uncle, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, against Hugh Capet. He was duly deposed by the council, and Gerbert appointed in his place. This was done without the approval of Pope John XV, who refused to accept either Arnulf's removal or Gerbert's appointment. The matter dragged on until 995 when Arnulf was restored, and was only completely resolved by Pope Gregory V in 997.[1] In a book written in the 1890s, by Alonzo T Jones, it is stated of the Council of Rheims in 991, the papacy is declared to be "the man of sin, the mystery of iniquity". Taken from The Consecrated Way to Christian Perfection, pp 105 Glad Tidings Publishers; Berrien Springs, MI. Copyright 2003 ISBN 1-931218-68-4 wherein this subject is vastly expounded upon.
Council of Reims, 1049
editIn 1049 Pope Leo IX was invited to be present at the consecration of the church of Abbey of Saint-Remi at Reims. He accepted the invitation and announced that he would at the same time hold a council. This irritated King Henry I of France, since it was generally held that no pope could hold a council in Kingdom of France without first consulting the king, which Leo IX had neglected to do. Consequently, in order to frustrate Leo IX, Henry I ordered all of his vassals to attend a feudal levy at the very time that the council was to be held. This placed the bishops and abbots in France in a very difficult position: they were ordered by Leo IX to attend the council; they were ordered by Henry I to attend the levy. Henry I hoped that his action would prevent the holding of the council, but Leo IX went on with his preparations without paying any attention to Henry I's act. The council was held at the appointed time, and in addition to churchmen from other lands about one-third of the bishops and abbots from the king's territory attended. Those who were absent with Henry I were excommunicated by Leo IX. Then Leo IX took up cases of simony and other ecclesiastical crimes which were reported. Several of those who were present at the council and held high offices in the church were accused of very serious offenses. Leo IX did not push any of them to an extreme, even when the guilt seemed definitely known, but adjourned all of the cases to his own court at Rome. Leo IX acted in the same way with regard to the accusations made against the great nobles. By this policy Leo IX hoped to have the authority of the papacy fully recognized. He was able to accomplish so much because of the weakness of the French monarchy. Leo IX was aided by Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, in other attempts at reform, with whom he worked apparently in complete concord. Leo IX died in 1054 without having an opportunity to see the full effect of his act which had done so much to strengthen the power of the papacy.[2]
Three canons of this council were legislated about simony.[3] Hugo of Breteuil, bishop of Langres, was accused of simony and extortion, fled the proceedings, was deposed, and excommunicated.[4][5] According to Eamon Duffy, "In one week, Leo had asserted papal authority, as it had never been asserted before".
The Council excommunicated Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou, for the imprisonment of Gervais de Château-du-Loir, bishop of Le Mans.[6]
The Council had a dogmatic declaration about the primacy of the Bishop of Rome: "declaratum est quod solus Romanae sedis pontifex universalis Ecclesiae Primas esset et Apostolicus."[disputed (for: dogmatic declaration) – discuss][7]
12th century
edit- In 1115, a synod was held at which the cardinal legate Cuno of Praeneste excommunicated Emperor Henry V.
- In 1119, Pope Calistus II convened a synod for the purpose of concluding peace with Henry V. There were present 15 archbishops, over 200 bishops and as many abbots.
- In 1131, a Council of Reims met.
- Council of Reims (1148)
Later councils
edit- In 1164 Pope Alexander III presided at a synod which urged the crusade against Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.
- In 1407 Archbishop Guido III convened a synod to abolish the abuses that had crept into the Church of Reims during the Western Schism.
- In 1528 Archbishop Robert III held a synod against Martin Luther.
- In 1564 Cardinal Charles of Lorraine convened a reformatory synod to enforce the Tridentine Council decrees.
- In 1583 Cardinal Francis of Guise held a synod at which 27 reformatory decrees were enacted.
- After a lapse of almost three centuries Cardinal Gousset, Archbishop of Reims, convoked a synod at Soissons in 1849; another, at Amiens in 1853; a third, at Reims itself in 1857. The acts of the last three synods are printed in "Collectio Lacensis", IV, 91-246.
References
edit- ^ Riché, Pierre (1983), Les Carolingiens: Une famille qui fit l'Europe, Paris: Hachette, pp. 306 & 321–322.
- ^
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Munro, Dana Carleton (1922) [1921]. The middle ages, 395–1272. Century historical series. Vol. 4. New York: The Century. pp. 165–166. OCLC 902954041.
- ^ Reuter, Timothy. "The council of Rheims (1049)". leedstrinity.ac.uk. Horsforth, UK: Leeds Trinity University. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
- ^ Duffy, Eamon (2014) [2002]. Saints & sinners: a history of the Popes (4th ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780300206128.
- ^ Cushing, Kathleen G. (2005). Reform and papacy in the eleventh century: spirituality and social change. Manchester medieval studies. Manchester [u.a.]: Manchester University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780719058332.
- ^ Gibson, Margaret T. (1978). Lanfranc of Bec. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780198224624.
- ^ Mansi, Giovanni D., ed. (1902) [1774]. "Concilium Remense". Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (in Latin). Vol. 19 (facsimile ed.). Paris: H. Welter. p. 738. OCLC 682472075. Hourlier, Jacques, ed. (1981). "Anselme de Saint-Remy, Histoire de la Dédicace de Saint-Remy". La Champagne bénédictine : contribution à l'Année saint Benoît (480–1980). Travaux de l'Academie Nationale de Reims (in French and Latin). Vol. 160. Reims: Academie Nationale de Reims. p. 240. OCLC 11808869. See D'Agostino, Michele Giuseppe (2008). Il primato della sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049-1054): studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano. Storia della Chiesa (in Italian). Vol. 24. Cinisello Balsamo, IT: San Paolo. pp. 124–127. ISBN 9788821560620.
