Synapsin 2

Synapsin II is the collective name for synapsin IIa and synapsin IIb, two nearly identical phosphoproteins in the synapsin family that in humans are encoded by the SYN2 gene. Synapsins associate as endogenous substrates to the surface of synaptic vesicles and act as key modulators in neurotransmitter release across the presynaptic membrane of axonal neurons in the nervous system.

SYN2
Identifiers
Aliases	SYN2, SYNII, Synapsin 2, synapsin II
External IDs	OMIM: 600755; MGI: 103020; HomoloGene: 49348; GeneCards: SYN2; OMA:SYN2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 3 (human) Band 3p25.2 Start 12,004,388 bp End 12,192,032 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 6 (mouse) Band 6 E3|6 53.2 cM Start 115,111,863 bp End 115,258,967 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in middle temporal gyrus endothelial cell Brodmann area 23 superior frontal gyrus entorhinal cortex postcentral gyrus pons right frontal lobe prefrontal cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Top expressed in subiculum dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell anterior amygdaloid area medial dorsal nucleus olfactory tubercle dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus ventromedial nucleus piriform cortex dorsal tegmental nucleus pontine nuclei More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function ATP binding Cellular component cell junction synapse synaptic vesicle membrane synaptic vesicle plasma membrane postsynaptic density SNARE complex myelin sheath Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse glutamatergic synapse Biological process neurotransmitter secretion chemical synaptic transmission synaptic vesicle clustering synaptic vesicle cycle calcium-ion regulated exocytosis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6854 20965 Ensembl ENSG00000157152 ENSMUSG00000009394 UniProt Q92777 Q64332 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003178 NM_133625 NM_001111015 NM_013681 NM_001326560 RefSeq (protein) NP_003169 NP_598328 NP_001104485 NP_001313489 NP_038709 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 12 – 12.19 Mb Chr 6: 115.11 – 115.26 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Gene

Alternative splicing of the SYN2 gene results in two transcripts. The TIMP4 gene is located within an intron of this gene and is transcribed in the opposite direction.

Protein

Synapsin II is a member of the synapsin family. Synapsins encode neuronal phosphoproteins which associate with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. Family members are characterized by common protein domains, and they are implicated in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release, suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases. This member of the synapsin family encodes a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that selectively binds to small synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal.

Synapsin II the collective name for two proteins, synapsin IIa and synapsin IIb, with synapsin IIa being the larger of the two isoforms. Their apparent molecular weights are 74,000 and 55,000 Da, per SDS gel electrophoresis. Synapsin II along with synapsin I comprise approximately 9% of the proteins in highly purified samples of synaptic vesicles.

Structure

Synapsin II shares common domains within its amino acid sequence with other phosphoproteins in the synapsin family. Sharing the same N-terminal, synapsin II diverges from synapsin I in its C-terminal domains. It is much shorter than synapsin I and is missing most of the elongated domains seen in synapsin I. Roughly 70% of the amino acid residues are common between the two synapsins, which share common phosphorylation sites in the overlapping regions based on the homologous domains. Domain A of this neural protein contains phosphorylation sites for cAMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, and domain B has two mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites. At its B domain, between amino acids 43 and 121, synapsin II binds to a protein component in the cytosolic surface membrane of synaptic vesicles, organelles in neurons which carry neurotransmitters.

Function

Synapsin II regulates synaptic function of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Synapsin IIa is the only synapsin isoform of the six synapsin isoforms (synapsin I-III each with isoforms A and B), which has been shown to significantly reverse synaptic depression and have a restorative effect on the density of synaptic vesicles within synapsinless neurons. Because of its restorative effect, synapsin IIa is believed to play a fundamental role in synaptic vesicle mobilization and reserve pool regulation in presynaptic nerve terminals.

Lack of synapsins altogether in neurons, leads to behavioral alterations as well as epileptic-type seizures. The lack affects nervous signal transduction across excitatory and inhibitory synapses of neurons differently and is believed to be synapse-specific. Initial signal transduction appears to be unaffected by the lack of synapsins, but repeated stimulation of cultured synapsinless hippocampal neurons subsequently showed depressed responses at the excitatory synapse. At the inhibitory synapse, base signal transduction is reduced in neurons lacking pre-existing synapsins, but the reduced level of transduction is less affected by progressive stimulation.

However, the restoration of synapsin IIa to neurons without pre-existing synapsins, can partially recover presumably lost signal transduction and slow the depression of synaptic response with progressive stimulation. Its isoform synapsin IIb may have a similar but weaker effect. Through fluorescence and staining, it has been demonstrated that synapsin IIa increases the number and density of glutamatergic synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal of neural axons. The recovery of nervous signal transduction is attributed to the increase in density of synaptic vesicles, which carry neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft, and the amount of synaptic vesicles in the reserve pool in the presence of synapsin IIa. In turn, this is thought to increase the number of vesicles available for mobilization from the reserve pool to the ready-release pool. The reserve pool is the pool of synaptic vesicles which reside in the nerve terminal away from the presynaptic membrane of the axon, but are not in the ready to release or ready-release pool. Those vesicles in the ready-release pool reside very close to the presynaptic membrane and are primed to release neurotransmitters for nervous signal transduction.

Interactions

The synapsin II protein has been shown to interact with SYN1.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the SYN2 gene may be associated with abnormal presynaptic function and schizophrenia.

Further reading

• Südhof TC, Czernik AJ, Kao HT, et al. (1989). "Synapsins: mosaics of shared and individual domains in a family of synaptic vesicle phosphoproteins". Science. 245 (4925): 1474–80. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1474S. doi:10.1126/science.2506642. PMID 2506642.
• Greengard P, Valtorta F, Czernik AJ, Benfenati F (1993). "Synaptic vesicle phosphoproteins and regulation of synaptic function". Science. 259 (5096): 780–5. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..780G. doi:10.1126/science.8430330. PMID 8430330.
• Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G (1995). "The human synapsin II gene promoter. Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (41): 24361–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.41.24361. PMID 7592648.
• Li L, Chin LS, Greengard P, et al. (1996). "Localization of the synapsin II (SYN2) gene to human chromosome 3 and mouse chromosome 6". Genomics. 28 (2): 365–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1162. PMID 8530057.
• Xie Y (1996). "Cloning and sequencing analysis of a human synapsin IIb-encoding brain cDNA". Gene. 173 (2): 289–90. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(96)00234-X. PMID 8964517.
• Hosaka M, Südhof TC (1998). "Synapsins I and II are ATP-binding proteins with differential Ca2+ regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (3): 1425–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1425. PMID 9430678.
• Witke W, Podtelejnikov AV, Di Nardo A, et al. (1998). "In mouse brain profilin I and profilin II associate with regulators of the endocytic pathway and actin assembly". EMBO J. 17 (4): 967–76. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.4.967. PMC 1170446. PMID 9463375.
• Hosaka M, Südhof TC (1999). "Homo- and heterodimerization of synapsins". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (24): 16747–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.16747. PMID 10358015.
• Porton B, Kao HT, Greengard P (2000). "Cloning of cDNAs encoding human synapsins IIa and IIb". DNA Seq. 10 (1): 49–54. doi:10.3109/10425179909033936. PMID 10565545.
• Hosaka M, Hammer RE, Südhof TC (1999). "A phospho-switch controls the dynamic association of synapsins with synaptic vesicles". Neuron. 24 (2): 377–87. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80851-X. PMID 10571231. S2CID 14103027.
• Kao HT, Porton B, Hilfiker S, et al. (2000). "Molecular evolution of the synapsin gene family". J. Exp. Zool. 285 (4): 360–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<360::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 10578110.
• Spielhaupter C, Schätzl HM (2002). "PrPC directly interacts with proteins involved in signaling pathways". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (48): 44604–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103289200. PMID 11571277.
• Jaffrey SR, Benfenati F, Snowman AM, et al. (2002). "Neuronal nitric-oxide synthase localization mediated by a ternary complex with synapsin and CAPON". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (5): 3199–204. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3199J. doi:10.1073/pnas.261705799. PMC 122496. PMID 11867766.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Chen Q, He G, Wang XY, et al. (2004). "Positive association between synapsin II and schizophrenia". Biol. Psychiatry. 56 (3): 177–81. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.05.010. PMID 15271586. S2CID 29528980.
• Chen Q, He G, Qin W, et al. (2005). "Family-Based Association Study of Synapsin II and Schizophrenia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (5): 873–7. doi:10.1086/425588. PMC 1182116. PMID 15449241.