A stalking horse offer, agreement, or bid is a bid for a bankrupt firm or its assets that is arranged in advance of an auction to act, in effect, as a reserve bid.[1][2] The intent is to maximize the value of its assets or avoid low bids, as part of (or before) a court auction.[3]
To secure a stalking horse offer, the debtor can offer bidding protections such as breakup fees to its best bidder before the auction. These incentives enhance the value of the offering for the bidder, which might lead to a better price offer before the auction begins. This higher offer is now the starting offer for the auction and may result in benefiting the debtor and its estate.
Examples
editOn October 22, 2007, American technology company SCO asked a bankruptcy court to approve a deal whereby a purchaser would acquire "substantially all assets used by the Company in connection with its SCO UNIX Business and certain related claims in litigation."[4] The agreement included a "stalking horse" provision: If the purchaser, York Capital Management, were to be designated as a stalking horse in subsequent bidding for SCO's assets, and if others outbid York, then SCO would have to pay York a $780,000 breakup fee and reimbursement of all expenses incurred by York up to $300,000. In this way, York would earn its expenses and $780,000 by acting as the stalking horse and preventing other bidders from making lowball offers.[5]
On August 4, 2008, Steve and Barry's LLC, a retailer of casual apparel, filed a stalking horse agreement with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. Their partner in this asset purchase agreement was BH S&B Holding LLC, a subsidiary of Bay Harbor Management.[6]
On July 27, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson had won a stalking horse bid to acquire Nortel Networks Corp's CDMA division, for $1.13 billion. [7]
On July 8, 2010, the Texas Rangers Major League Baseball team announced a potential stalking horse deal. "'An auction with a stalking horse, or minimum, bid is more frequently used than a so-called “naked” auction without a floor price,' William K. Snyder, the court-appointed restructuring officer, said. 'Moreover, the stalking horse bidder commonly receives a “reasonable” break-up fee if unsuccessful in the auction,' said Snyder. Under the scrapped plan, the $304 million in cash portion of the Greenberg-Ryan group’s May 24 deal with owner Tom Hicks would serve as a minimum bid, with the next bid at least $20 million higher. Greenberg-Ryan would have received $15 million if it lost." [8]
On February 21, 2011, Reuters reported Blockbuster's intention to pursue a $290 million stalking horse offer with Cobalt Video Holdco. [9]
On April 4, 2011, TechCrunch reported Google's intention to pursue a $900 million stalking horse bid for Nortel's patents.[10]
In 2013, Hostess Brands used a stalking horse auction to sell off its assets in bankruptcy.[11]
On October 17, 2013, Designline, now known as Environmental Performance Vehicles, a Charlotte, NC bus manufacturer, used the technique but received no offers. [12]
On April 15, 2013, Eastman Kodak proposed a stalking horse deal of $210 million whereby Brother Industries would acquire Kodak's Document Imaging division ahead of Kodak's bankruptcy court approval slated for June 2013.[13]
On June 10, 2016, Ziff Davis proposed a stalking-horse bid of under US$90 million after Gawker Media announced it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[14][15][16]
On March 7, 2017, Extreme Networks entered into a stalking horse arrangement for a portion of assets held by Avaya,[17] which was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the time. Avaya eventually emerged from bankruptcy protection, making this a rare occasion when a stalking horse auction was not held for assets of a defunct company. The deal was closed on July 17, 2017.[18]
In 2019, Houlihan's Restaurant, Inc. announced a chapter 11 bankruptcy that involves a stalking horse bid by Landry's, Inc.[19]
On July 1, 2024, Delta Apparel filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy with a deal in hand to sell its Salt Life brand. The Duluth, Ga., company said it plans to sell certain assets related to its Salt Life branded products for about $28 million to FCM Saltwater Holdings, which has agreed to act as the stalking horse, or lead, bidder in a court-supervised auction for the assets.[20]
Further reading
edit- Owsley, Henry (2005). Distressed Investment Banking. City: Beard Books. ISBN 1-58798-267-6.
- Hillman, William (2004). Bankruptcy Deskbook. City: Practising Law Institute (PLI). ISBN 0-87224-139-4.
References
edit- ^ Financial Times Lexicon from the Financial Times
- ^ "Stalking-Horse Bid". investopedia.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ^ The ‘Stalking Horse’ in a US Chapter 11 363 Sale Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, Financier Worldwide’s May 2006 Edition
- ^ "The SCO Group, Inc". Form 8-K. SEC.gov. October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ "SCO Has a Bid; Would Like More - Updated". Groklaw. 2007-10-23. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ "Steve & Barry’s Files “Stalking Horse” Agreement" Archived 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, from Businesswire.com, 4 August 2008.
- ^ "Ericsson Powers Up U.S. Presence With Nortel Deal" Archived 2022-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, from The Wall Street Journal, 27 July 2009.
- ^ Texas Rangers' Proposed July 16 Auction Scrapped[dead link]
- ^ "Blockbuster gets $290 million stalking horse bid" Archived 2021-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, from Reuters, 21 February 2011.
- ^ "Google Makes $900 Million Stalking-Horse Bid For Nortel Patents As It Looks To Fend Off Trolls" Archived 2011-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, from TechCrunch, 4 April 2011.
- ^ Milford, P., McCarty, D. (January 31, 2013). "Hostess CEO Says Stalking-Horse Bids Total $858 Million". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "DesignLine Stalking Horse Bidders".
- ^ Fingus, Jon (April 15, 2013). "Kodak tentatively sells its scanning business to Brother for $210 million". engadget.com. AOL. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
- ^ Balakrishnan, Anita (2016-06-10). "Gawker Media auction starts with Ziff Davis bid amid bankruptcy". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
- ^ Ember, Sydney (2016-06-10). "Gawker, Filing for Bankruptcy After Hulk Hogan Suit, Is for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
- ^ Caldwell, James (2016-08-16). "Hogan vs. Gawker Aftermath – Univision reportedly to buy bankrupt Gawker". PWTorch. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
- ^ "Extreme Networks Signs Agreement To Purchase Avaya's Networking Business". Archived from the original on 2020-01-19. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ "Extreme Networks Completes Acquisition of the Networking Business from Avaya, Inc". Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ "Houlihan's Restaurants, Inc. Executes Asset Purchase Agreement; Sale Facilitated Through Voluntary Chapter 11; Restaurants Open and Serving Guests; Franchise Restaurants Not Included in Proceeding". PR Newswire. 2019-11-10. Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
- ^ "Delta Apparel Files for Bankruptcy, Inks Deal to Sell Salt Life". The Wall Street Journal. 2024-07-01. Archived from the original on 2024-07-03. Retrieved 2024-07-05.