In philately, a St. Andrew's cross is a saltire (an heraldic ordinary) or crossed x design that occurs on some philatelic items; on a few sheets of stamps, censor labels and a few British Forces air letter sheets issued during World War II.
Stamps
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The first St. Andrew's crosses are found on the first Austrian stamp issue from June 1, 1850 printed by the Vienna State Printing Works. They are colored crosses found in place of the last four stamp positions on each sheet as sold to the public.[2][3] Leaving the last four labels free created a problem; the blank labels could be used by forgers to produce counterfeit stamps. For that reason, it was decided to make them unusable by printing the St. Andrew's cross design.
The crosses are the same color as their respective stamps and occur in two different types. They are either colored on a white background or the other way around. They are always found in the last row of the sheet and can either be placed in the center or on the left or the right edge.
At the time, the sheet of stamps as printed contained four panes, or counter sheets, each with eight rows and columns with 64 clichés per pane.[3] It was considered important that there not be an uneven payment when several sheets were purchased (for instance, by businesses). The extant Austria currency was the florin, each worth 60 kreutzers. For that reason, the idea of leaving the last four fields of a sheet free was considered.[3] For example, when buying seven 6-kreutzer sheets, the price was 42 florins instead of 44 florins and 48 kreutzers. With the introduction of the new currency in 1858 (100 kreutzers = 1 florin), the St. Andrew's cross was no longer needed and its use was discontinued.[3]
The St. Andrew's crosses were again used for a short time during the 1917 issue of special handling stamps that consisted of 13 rows and eight columns, so that 104 special handling stamps were on a pane. The middle four stamps in the bottom row were replaced by St. Andrew's crosses. The issue and printing of these sheets with St. Andrew's crosses was not originally planned but because of the public disapproval of the triangular predecessor, it was decided to change to horizontal format for this stamp issue.
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St. Andrew's crosses are very popular with collectors today.[citation needed] However, few St. Andrew's crosses have survived from the first issue still attached to an adjacent stamp. They were hardly noticed at that time and nearly always torn away, or cut off. Some St. Andrew's cross labels were used to seal letters because they were gummed, so there are still several individual pieces or strips of four extant. Because philately was more widespread at that time many more St. Andrew's crosses exist from the 1916 issue.
Censor labels
editIn the Imperial postal censor station in Bermuda St. Andrew's crosses were usually applied in crayon, red, blue or black, to censor resealing labels or tapes used to seal mail being referred to a DAC, deputy assistant censor, or to another department for evaluation. Some of the crosses were applied after the censor labels had been stuck to the cover due to the cross only showing on the front of the label.[4] These, St. Andrew's cross censor labels are also recorded on Prize court mail that was detained in Bermuda and released or sold after the war, in late 1945 and 1946.[5]
An Imperial censor label, P.C.90, with the censor identity number 1000, occurs with the words "School use ONLY" at the top of a censor label that was used for training purposes. However, the location of use is unclear and could have been in the UK, Gibraltar or Bermuda.[6]
Air letter
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A postal stationery airmail letter sheet, entitled "Forces Letter Card", now commonly known as an aerogram, was made available during World War II for British military forces[7] and a few were issued with a large St. Andrew's cross printed on the front portion of the air letter.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- Notes
- ^ "Viennafil auction result December 6, 2008". viennafil.com. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
- ^ Ing. Edwin Müller: "Die Postmarken von Österreich". Die Postmarke GmbH, Vienna 1927. Pp. 9 et seq.
- ^ a b c d "Austria; Saturday, June 1, 1850". First Issues Collectors Club. 2003-11-08. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ Flynn, Peter (2006). Intercepted in Bermuda: The Censorship of Transatlantic mail during the Second World War. Chicago: Collectors Club of Chicago. pp. pps. 98–99. ISBN 0-916675-15-7.
- ^ Torrance & Morenweiser (1991), p. 37
- ^ Torrance & Morenweiser (1991), p. 21
- ^ Mackey, James (1971). "11". Airmails 1870–1970. B. T. Batsford, London. pp. 178–180.
- ^ Kasper, Jerome V. V. "The Mounted Aerogrammes from the Thomas A. Matthews Collection". Aerogramme.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ Roggenkämper, Alfred (2004-04-08). "Military Aerogrammes of the World". Aerogramme.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- Sources
- Torrance, A.R; Morenweiser, K. (1991). British Empire Civil Censorship Devices, World War II: United Kingdom, Section 2. UK: Civil Censorship Study Group. ISBN 0-9517444-1-0.
- Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue: Volume 1: 164th edition. Sidney, OH: Amos Press Inc; Scott Publishing. 2007. p. 668. ISBN 978-0-89487-395-9.
External links
edit- X is for X-cancel Alphabetilately
- Austria & Lombardy Venetia issue of 1850 Wayback Machine archive
- AskPhil.org Collectors Club of Chicago