Venera 2MV-2 No.1,[2][3] also known as Sputnik 21 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Venera programme, and was intended to make a flyby of Venus.[4] Due to a problem with the rocket which launched it, it failed to leave low Earth orbit, and reentered the atmosphere a few days later.[5] It was the second Venera 2MV-2 spacecraft, both of which failed to leave Earth orbit.[3]
| Mission type | Venus flyby |
|---|---|
| Operator | OKB-1 |
| Harvard designation | 1962 Alpha Phi 1 |
| COSPAR ID | 1962-045A |
| SATCAT no. | 389 |
| Mission duration | Launch failure |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | 2MV-2 |
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Launch mass | 6,500 kilograms (14,300 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 12 September 1962, 00:59:13 UTC |
| Rocket | Molniya 8K78 s/n T103-14 |
| Launch site | Baikonur 1/5 |
| End of mission | |
| Decay date | 14 September 1962 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth (achieved) Heliocentric (intended) |
| Semi-major axis | 6,550 kilometres (4,070 mi) |
| Eccentricity | 0.02977 |
| Perigee altitude | 163 kilometres (101 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 195 kilometres (121 mi) |
| Inclination | 64.8 degrees |
| Period | 88.07 minutes |
| Epoch | 1962-09-11, 21:40:00 UTC[1] |
Launch
editVenera 2MV-2 No.1 was launched at 00:59:13 UTC on 12 September 1962, atop a Molniya 8K78 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[2] The rocket performed nominally until cutoff of the Blok I stage, following injection into a low Earth orbit. Following cutoff, one of the oxidiser valves failed to close, and liquid oxygen was allowed to flow into the combustion chamber of one of the vernier thrusters. The vernier thruster exploded,[6] causing the rocket to tumble out of control. This led to the formation of bubbles in the upper stage oxidiser pump, which caused the upper stage engine to fail less than a second after ignition.[3] It reentered the atmosphere on 14 September 1962, two days after it had been launched.[7]
Spacecraft designation
editThe designations Sputnik 25, and later Sputnik 21, were used by the United States Naval Space Command to identify the spacecraft in its Satellite Situation Summary documents, since the Soviet Union did not release the internal designations of its spacecraft at that time, and had not assigned it an official name due to its failure to depart geocentric orbit.[4][8][1]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "Sputnik 21". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ a b McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Venera (2c) (2MV-2 #1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ a b Zak, Anatoly. "Russia's unmanned missions to Venus". RussianSpaecWeb. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Venera". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Robbins, Stuart J. (11 January 2006). "Soviet Craft - Sputnik". Journey Through The Galaxy. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
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