Songjiang, Shanghai

Songjiang is a suburban district (formerly a county) of Shanghai. It has a land area of 605.64 km² (233.84 sq mi) and a population of 1,909,713 (2020). Owing to a long history, Songjiang is known as the cultural root of Shanghai.

Songjiang 松江区
District
Songjiang Guangfulin Relics Park, a Neolithic Liangzhu archaeological site
Songjiang in Shanghai
Country	People's Republic of China
Municipality	Shanghai
Area
• Total	605.64 km2 (233.84 sq mi)
Population  (2020)
• Total	1,909,713
• Density	3,200/km2 (8,200/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)

Songjiang, Shanghai
Songjiang Square Pagoda, first built between 1068 and 1077 and restored in 1980 as Fangta Park, one of the first reassertions of traditional Chinese architecture after the Cultural Revolution
Songjiang District
Traditional Chinese	松江區
Simplified Chinese	松江区
Literal meaning	Pine River District
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sōngjiāng qū Wade–Giles Sung-chiang Ch'ü Wu Shanghainese Romanization Son-kaon Chiu
Songjiang County
Traditional Chinese	松江縣
Simplified Chinese	松江县
Literal meaning	Pine River County
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sōngjiāng xiàn Wade–Giles Sung-chiang Hsien
Songjiang Prefecture
Chinese	松江府
Postal	Sungkiang Sungkiang Foo
Literal meaning	Pine River Prefecture
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sōngjiāng fǔ Wade–Giles Sung-chiang Fu
Huating County
Traditional Chinese	華亭縣
Simplified Chinese	华亭县
Literal meaning	Ornate Pavilian County
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huátíng xiàn Wade–Giles Hua-t'ing Hsien

Songjiang Town, the urban center of the district, was formerly the major city in the area. It is now connected to downtown Shanghai by Line 9 of the Shanghai Metro.

History

The prehistoric coastline of the East China Sea was much farther inland, at Xinzhuang near Songjiang's current eastern border with Minhang District. It was only gradually that silt from the Yangtze River filled in downtown Shanghai about 2000 years ago and then Pudong and Chongming Island over the last 1000 years.

Modern archaeology has established a chronology of the main cultural groups who lived in the present area of Songjiang District in Neolithic China: the Majiabang in the 5th millennium BC), the Songze in the 4th millennium BC), and the Liangzhu in the 3rd millennium BC. The Majiabang were among the first harvesters of rice and kept domesticated pigs while still frequently hunting deer. The Liangzhu possessed a high stratified society that almost certainly represented one of the earliest states in East Asia. The Liangzhu site at Guangfulin in Songjiang has been developed into Guangfulin Relics Park, an expansive museum and tourist attraction.

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  A map of the main cultural groups in Neolithic China
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  A map of the likely centers of early agriculture in China
• 
  The main museum in Guangfulin

Traditional Chinese historiography only recorded these people as among the Baiyue—the "Numerous Southern Barbarians"—until the growth of the siniticized Wu Kingdom at Suzhou in the 1st millennium BC. During the Spring and Autumn period at the end of the Zhou and under the Warring States, the area of present-day Songjiang passed from Wu to Yue to Chu before the unification of China under Shi Huangdi of Qin in the 3rd century BC.

In the Three Kingdoms period that followed the end of the Han in the 3rd century AD, Sun Quan's Wu Kingdom helped develop and further sinify the area. Another boost came from the completion of the Grand Canal under the Sui, linking Songjiang with Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo in the south and Suzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, and Beijing in the north. By the mid-Tang, the region had developed enough that it was organized in 751 into Huating County, the first county-level administration within modern-day Shanghai.

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  The Square Pagoda in Fangta Park, built between 1068 and 1077
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  Huzhu Pagoda, a leaning tower on Tianma Hill built in 1079
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  Songjiang Mosque after its 1391 rebuilding
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  The entrance to Zuibaichi, a Song-era garden in Songjiang

In the 1250s at the end of the Southern Song, the 10-year-old Songjiangese girl Huang Daopo fled her hometown and an arranged marriage to live with the Hlai on Hainan. She returned around 1295 with new strains of cotton, an early cotton gin, and other advances to cotton cultivation and processing that made the sandy lands of eastern Huating County so much more prosperous that Huang was later deified out of gratitude. By the mid-Qing, as much as ¾ of Songjiang's farmland was devoted to cotton. Under the Yuan, this new wealth saw Huating elevated to prefectural status and renamed Songjiangfu. This is sometimes considered the origin of China's modern textile industry. It was also under the Yuan that the city first had enough Hui to establish Shanghai's first mosque.

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  A detail of Jan Janszoon's 1664 map of Huguang, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian
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  An map of early modern Songjiang (1818) showing the importance of its many canals
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  A map of the canals around Songjiang during the 19th century
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  One of the canals today

In 1404, headwaters previously emptying into the Wusong were rerouted by local officials, diminishing the size of Suzhou Creek and expanding the Huangpu River to its modern importance. Songjiang was better fortified under the Ming in response to attacks by the Japanese "Wokou" pirates, who sometimes raided and sometimes occupied to the town. The Ming also saw the Jesuits—who counted the influential Shanghainese official Xu Guangqi among their converts—establish the town's first known church. Owing to the importance of Portuguese and Latin at the time, the town's name was romanized Sumkiam.

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  The city wall in the 1880s, following the battles of the Taiping Rebellion
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  A restored gatehouse from Songjiang's Ming-era city wall
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  A Songjiang shrine to General Ward, founder of the Ever-Victorious Army
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  The counties of Songjiang Prefecture under the Qing dynasty

Following Dorgon's 21 July 1645 edict mandating the queue, the people of Songjiang rose up against the Qing to protect their hair, viewed as a symbol of virility and filial piety. Li Chengdong (李成東, d. 1649) retook the city and massacred its population on 22 September 1645. Nonetheless, Songjiang remained the primary metropolis of the area of present-day Shanghai as late as the mid-19th century, when its name was typically romanized as Sungkiang. It continued to serve as the prefectural capital under the "Right" Governor of Jiangnan based in Suzhou and then later under the governor of Jiangsu at Jiangning (now Nanjing). Unlike the foreign-held area of Shanghai, however, it fell to rebels during the Taiping Rebellion's Eastern Expedition. About a hundred Europeans under Frederick Townsend Ward failed to retake the town in June 1860. After gathering more Westerners, over 80 Philippine "Manilamen", and several pieces of artillery, a second assault in July 1860 retook the town with heavy losses. Out of about 250 men, 62 were killed and about 100 wounded, including Ward. Songjiang was then used by Ward, Henry Andres Burgevine, their Ever-Victorious Army, and Cheng Xueqi's division of the Huai Army as a base for raids and attacks on other Taiping positions under Li Xiucheng throughout the "Battle of Shanghai".

Despite Shanghai's greater importance by the beginning of the 20th century, its international settlement meant Songjiang was still used as the formal center of Chinese government for the region. Under the Republic of China, the Zhili clique leader Sun Chuanfang's Songhu (淞滬市) or Songjiang Special Administrative District covered most of what is now Shanghai Municipality, extending as far north as Chongming Island.

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  Tianfei Palace, an 1883 Chinese temple to the sea goddess Mazu, in Fangta Park, Songjiang
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  Sheshan Basilica, constructed from 1924 to 1935 on She Hill
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  A 1932 map showing Sungkiang on Shanghai's southern railway
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  Xilin Temple after its 1980s reconstruction

During World War II, Japan occupied Songjiang from 9 November 1937 until 1945. Afterwards, both the Nationalist and Communist regional government was moved to Shanghai proper, leaving Songjiang a comparatively rural county. The city's many ancient religious structures and examples of traditional architecture were seriously damaged during the 1960s and 1970s amid the Cultural Revolution. Following the PRC's Opening Up Policy, Songjiang restored its more important religious buildings and developed into a college town hosting several large universities. In 1998, it was elevated to its current status as an urban district.

Significant Features

Some of the notable features in Songjiang District include:

• Songjiang New City is a major new-town development located within Songjiang District. It was developed as part of Shanghai's "One City, Nine Towns" plan. The New City will encompass an area of 60 square kilometers (23 sq mi) when completed, and will have a total population of 500,000 residents. The New City reflects Garden City design principles, with a large proportion of land allocated to green-space and parks.
• Thames Town is a residential and commercial development located within the Songjiang New City that both imitates and is influenced by classic English market town styles. Some of the architecture has been directly copied from buildings found in England.
• Songjiang University Town is a major higher education sector located in the district. It is the largest higher education sector in mainland China.
• Shanghai First People's Hospital has a campus located within the Songjiang New City.
• Shanghai Film Studios are located in Songjiang District.
• InterContinental Hotel Shanghai Wonderland is built against the walls of a former quarry, and partly underwater: it claims to be the world's first underground five-star resort.

Cultural sights in Songjiang include:

• Sheshan Hill with Sheshan Basilica
• Fangta Park, one of the first celebrations of traditional Chinese architecture following the Cultural Revolution, including the city's Square Pagoda and Mazu Temple
• Huzhu Pagoda on Tianmashan

Government and infrastructure

The Shanghai Women's Prison is in Songjiang District.

Transport

Songjiang District is located approximately 25 kilometers (16 mi) from Hongqiao International Airport and 70 kilometers (43 mi) from Pudong International Airport. Songjiang is currently served by one metro line operated by Shanghai Metro, one suburban line operated by China Railway, and two tram lines.

Metro

•      Line 9 - Songjiang South Railway Station, Zuibaichi Park, Songjiang Sports Center, Songjiang Xincheng, Songjiang University Town, Dongjing, Sheshan, Sijing, Jiuting

Suburban Rail

•      Jinshan railway - Chunshen, Xinqiao, Chedun, Yexie

China Railway

• Shanghai Songjiang
• Songjiang North

Songjiang Tram

• Line T1
• Line T2

Subdistricts and towns

Further information: List of township-level divisions of Shanghai

Songjiang District has six subdistricts, eleven towns and three special township-level divisions.

Name	Chinese (S)	Hanyu Pinyin	Shanghainese Romanization	Population (2010)	Area (km2)
Yueyang Subdistrict	岳阳街道	Yuèyáng Jiēdào	ngoq yan ka do	112,671	5.65
Yongfeng Subdistrict	永丰街道	Yǒngfēng Jiēdào	ion fon ka do	93,330	24.53
Zhongshan Subdistrict	中山街道	Zhōngshān Jiēdào	tzon se ka do	98,888	26.34
Fangsong Subdistrict	方松街道	Fāngsōng Jiēdào	faon son ka do	414,548	14.76
Guangfulin Subdistrict	广富林街道	Guǎngfùlín Jiēdào	kuaon fu lin ka do		19.05
Jiuliting Subdistrict	九里亭街道	Jiǔlǐtíng Jiēdào	cioe lij din ka do		6.79
Chedun town	车墩镇	Chēdūn Zhèn	tsau ten tzen	167,687	45.30
Dongjing town	洞泾镇	Dòngjīng Zhèn	don cin tzen	57,861	24.51
Jiuting town	九亭镇	Jiǔtíng Zhèn	cioe din tzen	147,398	26.13
Maogang town	泖港镇	Mǎogǎng Zhèn	mo kaon tzen	41,626	57.62
Sheshan town	佘山镇	Shéshān Zhèn	sau se tzen	32,295	55.70
Shihudang town	石湖荡镇	Shíhúdàng Zhèn	zaq wu daon tzen	44,011	44.28
Sijing town	泗泾镇	Sìjīng Zhèn	sy cin tzen	94,279	23.98
Xiaokunshan town	小昆山镇	Xiǎokūnshān Zhèn	sio khuen se tzen	51,606	30.52
Xinbang town	新浜镇	Xīnbāng Zhèn	sin pan tzen	33,627	44.75
Xinqiao town	新桥镇	Xīnqiáo Zhèn	sin djio tzen	155,856	31.43
Yexie town	叶榭镇	Yèxiè Zhèn	yiq zia tzen	80,104	72.49
Sheshan Resort	佘山度假区	Shéshān Dùjiàqū	sau se du ka chiu	42,583	64.08
Shanghai Songjiang Export Processing Zone	上海松江出口加工区	Shànghǎi Sōngjiāng Chūkǒu Jiāgōngqū	zaon he son kaon tseq khoe ka kon chiu	60,797	2.98
Songjiang Industrial Zone	松江工业区	Sōngjiāng Gōngyèqū	son kaon kon gniq chiu		43.69

Climate

Climate data for Songjiang District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2013)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	21.7 (71.1)	26.8 (80.2)	28.5 (83.3)	31.7 (89.1)	35.1 (95.2)	36.6 (97.9)	37.9 (100.2)	41.2 (106.2)	36.6 (97.9)	33.4 (92.1)	27.0 (80.6)	23.7 (74.7)	41.2 (106.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	8.5 (47.3)	10.7 (51.3)	15.5 (59.9)	21.3 (70.3)	26.0 (78.8)	28.6 (83.5)	33.5 (92.3)	33.0 (91.4)	28.8 (83.8)	23.8 (74.8)	18.1 (64.6)	11.3 (52.3)	21.6 (70.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.9 (40.8)	6.7 (44.1)	10.8 (51.4)	16.2 (61.2)	21.4 (70.5)	24.7 (76.5)	29.3 (84.7)	29.1 (84.4)	24.9 (76.8)	19.7 (67.5)	14.0 (57.2)	7.2 (45.0)	17.4 (63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.0 (35.6)	3.5 (38.3)	7.2 (45.0)	12.3 (54.1)	17.7 (63.9)	21.9 (71.4)	26.2 (79.2)	26.3 (79.3)	22.0 (71.6)	16.2 (61.2)	10.6 (51.1)	3.9 (39.0)	14.2 (57.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−8.9 (16.0)	−7.1 (19.2)	−5.0 (23.0)	−1.5 (29.3)	6.0 (42.8)	12.0 (53.6)	17.5 (63.5)	18.1 (64.6)	10.2 (50.4)	1.8 (35.2)	−3.0 (26.6)	−8.5 (16.7)	−8.9 (16.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	70.4 (2.77)	66.2 (2.61)	96.5 (3.80)	85.1 (3.35)	94.9 (3.74)	206.4 (8.13)	135.7 (5.34)	171.9 (6.77)	107.8 (4.24)	66.0 (2.60)	58.2 (2.29)	50.8 (2.00)	1,209.9 (47.64)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	11.1	10.5	13.2	11.9	11.8	14.5	11.4	12.3	10.2	7.4	9.1	8.5	131.9
Average snowy days	2.1	1.7	0.6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	0.7	5.3
Average relative humidity (%)	76	75	74	73	75	81	79	79	78	75	76	73	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	109.3	112.8	138.6	162.5	168.6	123.0	204.8	200.7	159.7	154.7	127.2	123.6	1,785.5
Percent possible sunshine	34	36	37	42	40	29	48	49	43	44	40	39	40
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Attractions

Xilin Chan Temple is a Buddhist temple in Yueyang Subdistrict, which is also a famous tourist attraction.

Zuibaichi is one of the five ancient Chinese gardens in Shanghai that dates back to the Song dynasty.

The Songjiang Mosque is the oldest mosque in Shanghai with its latest rebuild in 1391.

Songjiang's emblematic tower is the 9-story Fangta Pagoda, or Songjiang Square Pagoda.

Dacang Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge over the Old City River in the district.

Songjiang Tangjing Building is located in the Zhongshan Primary School, Songjiang District and it is the oldest surviving above-ground relic in Shanghai built in 859 AD.

Sheshan Basilica is a Roman Catholic church built on Sheshan Hill in the Romanesque architectural style. Originally constructed in 1863, the current church was finished in 1935.

Notable people

Birthplace:

• Han Bangqing – Author of The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai (Lou County, Songjiang Prefecture)

Heroes: Hou Shaoqiu, Jiang Huilin, Xia Yunyi, Chen Zilong, Xia Wanchun;

Statesmen: Gu Yong, Lu Xun, Xu Jie;

Litterateurs: Lu Ji, Lu Yun, Chen Jiru, Qian Fu, Gu Qing;

Chinese Painting and Calligraphy (Songjiang was listed among "cities of Calligraphy" in 2013) Artists: Shen Du, Dong Qichang, Zhang Nanheng, Zhang Zhao, Shi Zhecun, Cheng Shifa;

Craftsmen: Zhu Kerou, Huang Daopo, Ding Niangzi;

Experts: Tao Zongyi, Zhu Shunshui, Chen Yongkang;

Educators: He Dong, Ping Hailan, Ma Xiangru;

Intelligent woman: Ye Gu.

Further reading

• "Songjiang District". Encyclopedia of Shanghai. Shanghai Municipal Government. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02.

External links

• Songjiang Official Local Government Website
• Downtown Songjiang - English travel guide of Songjiang