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Duchies of Silesia

(Redirected from Silesian Duchies)
Not to be confused with Duchy of Silesia or Austrian Silesia.

The Duchies of Silesia were the more than twenty divisions of the region of Silesia formed between the 12th and 14th centuries by the breakup of the Duchy of Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1335, the duchies were ceded to the Kingdom of Bohemia under the Treaty of Trentschin. Thereafter until 1742, Silesia was one of the Bohemian crown lands and lay within the Holy Roman Empire. Most of Silesia was annexed by the King of Prussia under the Treaty of Berlin in 1742. Only the Duchy of Teschen, the Duchy of Troppau and the Duchy of Nysa remained under the control of the Bohemian crown and as such were known as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia until 1918.

Duchies of Silesia
Slezská knížectví (Czech)
Księstwa śląskie (Polish)
Herzogtümer in Schlesien (German)
1335–1742
Duchies of Silesia within the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire (1618)
Duchies of Silesia within the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire (1618)
StatusCrown land of the Bohemian Crown
CapitalWrocław, Opole, Opava, various others
Common languagesCzech, Polish, German
Religion
Demonym(s)Silesian
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 1335–1378
Charles I (first)
• 1916–1918
Charles III (last)
History 
• Joined Kingdom of Bohemia
1335
• Hungarian rule
1469–1490
• Dissolution of the Piast dynasty
1675
• Austrian Silesia formed
1742
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Silesia
Austrian Silesia
Province of Silesia
Today part ofCzech Republic
Poland
Germany

Breakup of Polish Silesia (1138–1335)

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In the (vain) hope to prevent an inheritance dispute, the Piast prince Bolesław III Wrymouth by his last will and testament had divided Poland into hereditary provinces distributed among his four sons: Masovia, Kujawy, Greater Poland and Silesia. Beside which, the Seniorate Province (Lesser Poland) with the residence of Kraków was reserved for the eldest, who according to the principle of agnatic seniority was to be High Duke of all Poland. This act inadvertently started the process known as Fragmentation of Poland.

Bolesław's son Władysław II received the Duchy of Silesia and, as the eldest, was also granted the title of a High Duke among with the Seniorate Province. Nevertheless, after he had tried to gain control over all Poland, he was banned and expelled by his younger half-brothers in 1146. Bolesław's second eldest son Bolesław IV the Curly, Duke of Masovia, became Polish High Duke. When, in 1163, Władysław's three sons, backed by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa returned to Poland, Bolesław IV had to restore their heritage.

After ten years of joint rule, Władysław's sons finally divided Silesia in 1173:

  •  
    1172/3-1177
      Bolesław I
      Jarosław
      Mieszko I
  •  
    1177-1185
      Bolesław I
      Jarosław
      Mieszko I
      Konrad
  •  
    1185-1201
      Bolesław I
      Jarosław
      Mieszko I
  •  
    1201-1202
      Henry I
      Mieszko I

After his brother Bolesław I had died, Mieszko I Tanglefoot also conquered and took the Duchy of Opole from his nephew Henry I the Bearded. He ruled over the Racibórz and Opole duchies, which emerged as Upper Silesia, until his death in 1211. Henry I the Bearded remained sovereign of the Lower Silesian Duchy of Wrocław, he acquired the Greater Polish lands of Kalisz in 1206, which he granted to his Piast cousin Władysław Odonic, as well as Lubusz Land in 1210. High Duke of Poland from 1232, he conquered further Greater Polish territories around Santok in 1234.

Mieszko's heir was Duke Casimir I of Opole, who died in 1230. Thereupon, Henry I managed to reunite whole Silesia under his reign. He was succeeded by his son Henry II the Pious in 1238, while Upper Silesia was inherited by Casimir's son Mieszko II the Fat in 1239. He and his younger brother, Władysław Opolski, had already received Greater Polish Kalisz in 1234.

Henry II was killed at the Battle of Legnica in 1241. His eldest son and heir, Duke Bolesław II the Bald temporarily gave Lubusz Land to his younger brother Mieszko († 1242). He reconciled with his Greater Polish cousin Duke Przemysł I and finally returned Santok in 1247 and remained sole ruler of Lower Silesia until 1248.

Mieszko II the Fat, of Upper Silesia, in 1244, returned Kalisz to Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland. He died in 1246 and his possessions were inherited by his brother Władysław Opolski.

  •  
    1206-1217
      Henry I
      Władysław Odonic
      Lubusz Land
      Mieszko I,
           1211: Casimir I
  •  
    1217-1230
      Henry I
      Casimir I
  •  
    1241-1243
      Bolesław II
      Mieszko Lubuski
      Władysław Opolski
      Mieszko II
  •  
    1243-1248
      Bolesław II
      Władysław Opolski
      Mieszko II,
           1246: Władysław
           Opolski
      Santok
      Kalisz
      Kępno
      Lelów

Duchies of the Bohemian Crown (1335–1918)

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Brzeg Castle, place of death of the last duke of the Piast dynasty in 1675

In 1327, King John I of Bohemia began accepting the fealty of the Silesian dukes as part of his claim on the Polish crown. At the Treaty of Trentschin on 24 August 1335 it was agreed that John would abandon his claim and in return receive the suzerainty of the Silesian duchies and a one-time payment (20,000 threescores of Prague groschen). This was finalized at the Congress of Visegrád in the same year, although some Piast-ruled duchies remained outside of Bohemian suzerainty until 1392.

Under the Bohemian crown, the duchies continued to be ruled by branches of the Piast dynasty known as the Silesian Piasts until their last lineage died out in 1675. When a ducal lineage died out, the duchy passed to the crown and became a state country.

The Bohemian Crown passed to the House of Habsburg in 1526. In 1742, most of Silesia was annexed by Prussia following the First Silesian War. This was confirmed following the Second Silesian War in 1745 and the Third Silesian War in 1763. Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemian Silesia remained a part of the Austrian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire down to its dissolution in 1918.

List of Silesian duchies

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There were also other little duchies: Buchwald, Coschok, Goldberg, Grottkau, Grünberg, Hirschberg, and Parchwiz.

Bibliography

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  • ŽÁČEK, Rudolf. Dějiny Slezska v datech. Praha : Libri, 2003. ISBN 80-7277-172-8.
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