Shishmaref (/ˈʃɪʃmərɛf/ SHISH-mə-ref;[4] Inupiaq: Qigiqtaq, IPA: [qixiqtaq] or Kigiqtaq; Russian: Шишмарёв, IPA: [ʂɨʂmɐˈrʲɵf]) is a city[5][6] in the Nome Census Area, Alaska, United States. It is located on Sarichef Island in the Chukchi Sea, just north of the Bering Strait and five miles from the mainland. Shishmaref lies within the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve. The population was 563 at the 2010 census,[5] up from 562 in 2000.
Shishmaref
| |
|---|---|
_edit_(15653586503).jpg) | |
  Shishmaref Location in Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 66°15′20″N 166°04′20″W / 66.25556°N 166.07222°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Census Area | Nome |
| Incorporated | July 13, 1969[1] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Donna Barr[2] |
| • State senator | Donald Olson (D) |
| • State rep. | Neal Foster (D) |
| Area | |
• Total | 7.27 sq mi (18.82 km2) |
| • Land | 2.34 sq mi (6.06 km2) |
| • Water | 4.93 sq mi (12.76 km2) |
| Elevation | 16 ft (5 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 576 |
| • Density | 246.26/sq mi (95.08/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99772 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-69770 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1409434, 2418855 |
Etymology
editShishmaryov is probably a variant of Russian Shyshmánov from Turkic šyšman ‘fat’, but there is also Old Russian šiš ‘rogue, knave’ and Maréev ‘(son of) marine’.[7] The name was assigned in 1821 to a nearby inlet by explorer Otto von Kotzebue of the Russian Imperial Marine, in honor of a member of his expedition, the commander Gleb S. Shishmaryov (Глеб Семёнович Шишмарёв).
In the Iñupiaq language, Qigiqtaq (formally Ḳigiḳtaḳ) means ‘island’.[8] The water to the south of it is called Qigiqtam Imaġrua ‘waters of Qikiqtaq’, shown in the map of the area in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.[9]
Geography
editAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.3 square miles (19 km2), of which, 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2) of it is land and 4.5 square miles (12 km2) of it (61.62%) is water.
Shishmaref was named in 1821 by explorer Lt. Otto von Kotzebue, of the Imperial Russian Navy, after Capt. Lt. Gleb Shishmaryov who accompanied him on his exploration.
Sarichef Island (on which Shishmaref is located) is part of a dynamic, 100 km-long barrier island chain that records human and environmental history spanning the past 2000 years; the oldest subaerial evidence for the formation of this system is about 1700 years before present, according to carbon 14 dating (see References, below). Erosion at Shishmaref is unique along the islands because of its fetch exposure and high tidal prism, relatively intense infrastructure development during the 20th century, and multiple shoreline defense structures built beginning in the 1970s.
Global warming
editThe effect of global climate change upon Shishmaref is sometimes seen as the most dramatic in the world.[10] Rising temperatures have resulted in a reduction in the sea ice which serves to buffer Shishmaref from storm surges. At the same time, the permafrost that the village is built on has also begun to melt, making the shore even more vulnerable to erosion. In recent years the shore has been receding at an average rate of up to 10 feet (3.3 m) per year.[11] Although a series of barricades has been put up to protect the village, the shore has continued to erode at an alarming rate. The Army Corps of Engineers has built a series of walls but none have been completely effective against waves.[12] The town's homes, water system and infrastructure are being undermined.[13][14][15][16] Currently,[when?] Shishmaref has obtained funds to construct seawalls that protect some of the shoreline.
The village had plans to relocate several miles to the south, on the mainland to the Tin Creek site. However, Tin Creek proved unsuitable for long term settlement due to melting permafrost in the area. The Shishmaref Erosion and Relocation Coalition, made up of the city, the IRA Council and other organizations, is seeking[when?] federal, state and private funding for a move elsewhere. The cost of moving Shishmaref is estimated at $180 million, nearly $320,000 per resident. The village was told by the Obama administration that no federal money was available, therefore tensions arose in 2013 when John Kerry announced Vietnam would receive $17 million to deal with climate change.[citation needed]
Erosion rates along the island front exceed (and are not comparable with) those along adjacent sectors. Erosion is occurring along the entire island chain, but it is exacerbated at Sarichef Island in part because of the hydrographic impacts of hard armoring of a sandy shoreface and permafrost degradation that is accelerated by infrastructure.[citation needed] Residents are experiencing the effects of coastal retreat on residential and commercial properties.
Residents voted on town relocation several times, as early as 1975 and then in 2002 which approved it.[12] On August 16, 2016, the village voted to move the town to the mainland.[17] The town's residents prefer to think of the move to the mainland as an "expansion" rather than a "relocation", but although a site on the mainland called West Tin-Creek Hills was selected in 2016, there’s still a lot of planning and research to be done before that can be determined viable.[18]
Culture
edit.jpg)
Sometimes referred to as "the friendliest village in Alaska,"[19] Shishmaref is an Iñupiaq village. Researchers, journalists and the occasional tourist visit Shishmaref, and the city has acquired a reputation for being a gracious host.
Residents rely heavily on a subsistence lifestyle, that is, hunting and gathering much of their food. Primary food sources include sea mammals such as ugruk (bearded seal), other seals, and walrus, fish, birds (such as ptarmigan), caribou and moose. The village is well known in the region for its high-quality seal oil and fermented meat.[citation needed]
Shishmaref is known for its Native art. Local artists carve sculptures from whalebone and walrus ivory, that are much sought after by galleries in Alaska and the Lower 48 states. George Aden Ahgupuk (1911–2001), a prominent Iñupiaq sculptor and draftsman lived in Shishmaref.[20]
Shishmaref was home to one of Alaska's most-beloved dog mushers. Herbie Nayokpuk (1929–2006), known as the "Shishmaref Cannonball," finished the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race numerous times, including a second-place finish.
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | 131 | — | |
| 1930 | 223 | 70.2% | |
| 1940 | 257 | 15.2% | |
| 1950 | 194 | −24.5% | |
| 1960 | 217 | 11.9% | |
| 1970 | 267 | 23.0% | |
| 1980 | 394 | 47.6% | |
| 1990 | 456 | 15.7% | |
| 2000 | 562 | 23.2% | |
| 2010 | 563 | 0.2% | |
| 2020 | 576 | 2.3% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[21] | |||
Shishmaref first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1969.
As of the census[22] of 2000, there were 562 people, 142 households, and 110 families residing in the city. The population density was 202.0 inhabitants per square mile (78.0/km2). There were 148 housing units at an average density of 53.2 per square mile (20.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.24% Native American (mainly Inupiat), 5.34% White, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.
Of the 142 households, 52.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.96 and the average family size was 4.59.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 40.9% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,714, and the median income for a family was $29,306. Males had a median income of $35,357 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,487. About 16.2% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.
Education
editShishmaref is served by the Bering Strait School District. Shishmaref School is the only school in town and serves grades Pre-K through 12 with a population of 183 students and 33 pre-school children.[23] There are 19 teachers at Shishmaref School and is the largest and newest building in settlement.
Transportation
editThere are three main roads, Main Street-Airport Road, Housing Trail and Clinic Road. Roads are not paved but have street lighting and do not connect to the outside beyond Shishmaref. Vehicles are mostly ATVs with a few private vehicles and dirt motorcycles.
Some residents will travel by wood vessels around Sarichef Island and a barge delivers goods and materials to Shishmaref when it is ice free.[24]
Shishmaref Airport is the only means of connecting the town to the rest of Alaska. The airport replaced an earlier airport which is now occupied by housing near the lagoon.
Housing
editHouses in Shishmaref are pre-fabricated and mostly single story. Construction material is mostly wood board and sometimes metal. The homes are often damaged from erosion.[25]
Local businesses and other places of interest
editGovernment
edit- US Post Office
- New Airport
- City Offices
- Shishmaref School
Business
edit- Shishmaref Native Store
- Nayokpuk General Store
- Washeteria
- Tannery
Services
edit- Friendship Center
- Bingo Hall - near Main Street and Clinic Road
- Shishmaref Lutheran Church and Cemetery
- IRA Building
- Bulk Fuel Tank - city owned
- etc
Services
editLocal healthcare services are provided by the Katherine Miksruag Olanna Health Clinic, a member of the Norton Sound Health Corporation (NSHC) based in Nome, AK. Certified health aides provide general services including lab work, vaccinations, health screenings, and treatment of acute health issues. The clinic utilizes NSHC's electronic medical record system, as well as other modern technologies including video teleconferencing and remote medication dispensing, in order to provide quality care to its patients. Healthcare providers of various specialties also routinely visit the clinic to provide additional services, screenings, and chronic disease state management.
Policing is provided by Shishmaref Police Department and fire services are provided by Shishmaref Volunteer Fire Department.
References
edit- ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 142.
- ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 147.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "Shishmaref". Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ a b "Shishmaref city, Alaska". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ "Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies" (PDF). Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2013.
- ^ Boris O. Unbegaun: Russian surnames, Oxford, 1972, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Webster, Donald H.; Zibell, Wilfried (1970). Iñupiat Eskimo Dictionary. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ Michael Arvaarluk Kusugak, Vancouver Island, 2020.
- ^ "Sea engulfing Alaskan village". BBC News. July 30, 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59691-130-7
- ^ a b Adams, Mark (May 15, 2018). Tip of the iceberg : my 3,000-mile journey around wild Alaska, the last great American frontier. New York, New York. ISBN 9781101985113. OCLC 1021063881.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jordan, J.W., and O.K. Mason, 1999. A 5000 year record of intertidal peat stratigraphy and sea- level change from northwest Alaska. Quaternary International 60:37-47
- ^ Jordan, J.W., 1989. Rhythmic berm ridge deposition on the coastal barriersof northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. In: Coastal Sediment Mobility;Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology, W.F. Tanner ed., Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. pp.137-150.
- ^ Jordan, J.W., 1987. Erosion characteristics and retreat rates along the north coast of Seward Peninsula. Chapter 7, In: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: an Archeological Survey, J. Schaaf ed., National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage.
- ^ "Human and Economic Indicators - Village of Shishmaref, North Alaska". NOAA. Archived from the original on November 15, 2004. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ Thorbecke, Catherine (August 18, 2016). "Leaving Their Ancestral Home: Alaska Village Votes to Move Due to Climate Change". ABC News. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- ^ Emily Hofstaedter (June 28, 2019). "Amid an Erosion Crisis, Shishmaref Takes Small Steps Toward Expansion" (Audio with Text). KNOM Radio Mission.
- ^ "Shishmaref". National Park Service. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
- ^ "George Twok Aden Ahgupuk". AskArt. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Shishmaref School - OpenContent Curriculum". Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
- ^ "Alaska Village Electric Cooperative | Shishmaref – Crowley barge making delivery". avec.org. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017.
- ^ "Arctic Shishmaref home lost to erosion – Alaska Conservation Foundation". alaskaconservation.org. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011.
External links
edit
- The History of Shishmaref
- Arctic Change: Village of Shishmaref, North Alaska, NOAA
- "Moving the Village" - an audio documentary about Shishmaref and Climate Change
- John D. Sutter (December 3, 2009). "Climate change threatens life in Shishmaref, Alaska" (Video & Text). CNN.
- John D. Sutter (March 29, 2017). "Tragedy of a village built on ice" (Video & Text). CNN.
- A Dutch multimediaproject in progress on the consequences of climate change to the social life of the villagers
- The short film ALASKAN SCOUT (1963) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.