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| Season of Low Water[1][a] Šmw in hieroglyphs | ||||
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The Season of the Harvest or Low Water[1] was the third and final season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the Season of the Emergence (Prt) and before the spiritually dangerous intercalary month (Ḥryw Rnpt), after which the New Year's festivities began the Season of the Inundation (Ꜣḫt).[1] In the Coptic and Egyptian calendars this season begins at the start of the month of Pashons (about 9 May), continues through the months of Paoni and Epip, before concluding at the end of Mesori (about 5 September).[3][4][5]: 453
Names
editThe Season of the Harvest was known to the Egyptians themselves as "Low Water" (Ancient Egyptian: Šmw), variously transliterated as Shemu or Shomu,[6] in reference to the state of the Nile before the beginning of its annual flood.
It is also referred to as Summer or the Dry Season.[7]
Lunar calendar
editIn the lunar calendar, the intercalary month was added as needed to maintain the heliacal rising of Sirius in the fourth month of this season. This meant that the Season of the Harvest usually lasted from May to September. Because the precise timing of the flood varied, the months of "Low Water" no longer precisely reflected the state of the river but the season was usually the time for the collection of Egypt's grain harvest.[8]
Civil calendar
editIn the civil calendar, the lack of leap years into the Ptolemaic and Roman periods meant the season lost about one day every four years and was not stable relative to the solar year or Gregorian calendar.
Months
editThe Season of the Harvest was divided into four months. In the lunar calendar, each began on a dawn when the waning crescent moon was no longer visible. In the civil calendar, each consisted of exactly 30 days[9] divided into three 10-day weeks known as decans.
In ancient Egypt, these months were usually recorded by their number within the season: I, II, III, and IV Šmw. They were also known by the names of their principal festivals, which came to be increasingly used after the Persian occupation. These then became the basis for the names of the months of the Coptic calendar.
| Egyptian | Coptic | |
|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Meaning | |
| I Šmw Hnsw |
First Month of Low Water |
Pashons |
| II Šmw Hnt-Hty |
Second Month of Low Water |
Paoni |
| III Šmw Ipt-Hmt |
Third Month of Low Water |
Epip |
| IV Šmw Wp Rnpt Mswt Rꜥ |
Fourth Month of Low Water New Year's Birth of the Sun |
Mesori |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Alternative representations of the Season of Low Water include
,
,
,
, and
[2] and
.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b c Clagett, Marshall (1995), Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book, Vol. II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy, Memoirs of the APS, No. 214, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, p. 5, ISBN 9780871692146.
- ^ Vygus, Mark (2015), Middle Egyptian Dictionary (PDF).
- ^ Clagett (1995), p. 14–15.
- ^ Tetley, M. Christine (2014), The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings (PDF), vol. 1, Whangarei, New Zealand: Barry W. Tetley, p. 39, ISBN 978-0-473-29338-3, retrieved 26 September 2023
- ^ Winlock, Herbert Eustis (1940), "The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, No. 83, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 447–464
- ^ "Shomu", Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "Inundation", Glossary, Leiden University.
- ^ David P. Silverman, Ancient Egypt, Duncan Baird Publishers, London 1997. p.93
- ^ Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–106.