Shabaks (Arabic: الشبك, Kurdish: شەبەک, romanized: Şebek) are a group of people who live east of Mosul in Iraq. Their origin is uncertain and they are considered Kurds by some scholars.[6][7][8] They speak Shabaki and live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in the Nineveh Plains. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[9] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[10]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 200,000–500,000 (2017 estimation)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Largest settlements: Mosul, Gogjali, Bartella[2][3] | |
| Languages | |
| Shabaki, Arabic, Kurdish[4] | |
| Religion | |
| Shia Islam (Twelver),[5] Sunni Islam |
Members of the three Kurdish tribes Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.[5]
Origins
editThe origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One theory is that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك that means intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. Austin Henry Layard considered Shabaks to be descendants of Kurds who originated in Iran, and believed that they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[6] Anastas Al-Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.[11] Another theory suggests that the Shabaks originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[6]
Deportation and forced assimilation
editAfter the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.[6] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation, and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) that were located in the Harir area of the northern Iraq. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabaks to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization, and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[6] Shabak politician Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.[12]
Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[13]
Religious beliefs
editShabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims.[14]
Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own concept of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal reading of the Qur'an, which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[6] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith that is similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[9]
Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by Allah, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[9]
Settlements
editList of Shabak–majority settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]
- Abbasiyah
- Ali Rash
- Badanat Sufla
- Badanat Ulya
- Basakhrah
- Basatliya Saghirah
- Baybukh
- Bazgirtan
- Bazwaya
- Chunji
- Darawish
- Dayrij
- Gogjali
- Gora Ghariban
- Judaydat
- Kahriz
- Khazna
- Kiretagh / Qaraytagh
- Manara Shabak
- Mufti
- Qara Shor
- Qara Tappa
- Sadah
- Salamiyah
- Shaqoli
- Shahrazad
- Sheikh Amir
- Tahrawa
- Tawajinah
- Terjilleh
- Tiskharab
List of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]
- Abu Jarwan (Shabak–Bajalan Kurdish)
- Bartella (Shabak–Assyrian)[15]
- Basatliya (Shabak–Kurdish)
- Bashbitah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Bashiqa (Shabak–Yezidi)
- Bir Hallan (Mixed Kurdish)
- Birma (Mixed Kurdish)
- Fadila (Mixed Kurdish)
- Hasan Shami (Mixed Kurdish–Arab)
- Jilu Khan (Mixed Kurdish)
- Kabarli (Mixed Kurdish)
- Kanunah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Kharabat Sultan (Mixed Kurdish)
- Khorsabad (Mixed Kurdish)
- Orta Kharab (Mixed Kurdish)
- Bakhdida / Qaraqosh / Hamdaniyah (Assyrian-Shabak)[16]
- Qarqashah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Shamsiyat (Shabak–Turkmen)
- Summaqiyah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Tall Akub (Mixed Kurdish)
- Tallara (Mixed Kurdish)
- Topzawah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Tubraq Ziyarah (Mixed Kurdish)
- Umar Qabji (Mixed Kurdish)
- Umarkan (Mixed Kurdish)
- Yangija (Mixed Kurdish)
- Yarimjah (Shabak–Turkmen)
- Zara Khatun (Mixed Kurdish)
As of March 2019, all of the above settlements are under federal control and are disputed territories of Northern Iraq.[17]
References
edit- ^ "Crossroads: The future of Iraq's minorities after ISIS" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ^ "Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq". Rudaw. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ C.J. Edmonds (1967). "A Pilgrimage to Lalish". p. 87.
- ^ Christine M. Helms. Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States. p. 12.
- ^ a b c d عبود، زهير كاظم، (2009). الشبك في العراق (in Arabic). AIRP. p. 42. ISBN 9789953362700.
- ^ a b c d e f Leezenberg, Michiel (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). University of Amsterdam: 5–6. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Ahmed, M. (19 January 2016). Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-03408-3.
Since Shabak Kurds—a minority religious group—were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those ...
- ^ Leezenberg (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Amal Vinogradov (1974). "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 207–218. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110.
- ^ Martin van Bruinessen (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles. Isis Press. p. 3000.
- ^ The Shabak, Bektashis, Safawis, and Kizilbash (1 ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1987. ISBN 0-8156-2411-5.
- ^ "Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes". Rudaw. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
- ^ "On Vulnerable Ground". Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009.
- ^ Imranali Panjwani. Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. p. 172.
- ^ "'Trust is gone': Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia". The Daily Star - Lebanon. 12 February 2019.
- ^ Erica Gaston (5 August 2017). "Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District". GPPi. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ^ "US State Dept. says Iraq's takeover of disputed areas caused 'abuse, atrocities'". Rûdaw. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Further reading
edit- Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Revue des études islamiques 60. 2 (1992): 521-528. (ISSN 0336-156X)
- Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Hamdard Islamicus 23. 2 (April–June 2000): 73-78. (ISSN 0250-7196)