Seth Meribre was an Ancient Egyptian petty king during the early 13th Dynasty during the late Middle Kingdom.
| Seth Meribre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seth Merybre, Set | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![Usurped stele which Ryholt attributed to Seth Meribre (Cairo JE 35256)[1]](/wiki/File:Stele_JE_35256_Randall-MacIver.png) Usurped stele which Ryholt attributed to Seth Meribre (Cairo JE 35256)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | x years, x months, and 6 days less than 10 years, probably less than 5 years, ending 1749 BC[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Sehetepkare Intef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Sobekhotep III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Dynasty | 13th Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Attestations
editSeth Meribre is only attested in the Turin King List dating to the time of Ramesses II. There are no certain contemporary evidence of this king, except for two speculative suggestions. The lack of archaelogical evidence would indicate his reign was very short.
Stela, Abydos JE 35256 (weak)
editAt Abydos, a stele dated to a regnal Year 4 and dedicated to preserving the procession road in the area of Wepwawet was usurped by Neferhotep I in the mid-late 13th Dynasty.[2] Anthony Leahy (1989) suggested the stele had been usurped from Wegaf.[3] Von Beckerath (1965:56) suggested Sobekhotep III. Ryholt (1997) argued that the stele was taken from Meribre Seth.[1]
Lintel, Medamud JE 44944 (weak)
editAt Medamud, a temple has yielded many ruined structures and architectural remains. Some may have been erected by Seth Meribre, but were subsequently usurped by his successor Sobekhotep III.[4] In particular, a lintel from Medamud and now in the Egyptian Museum, JE 44944, bears almost-erased signs corresponding to Seth Meribre's nomen.[citation needed]
Non-Contemporary Attestation
editThe Turin King List 7:23 (Alan Gardiner and Jürgen von Beckerath: col. 6 row 23)[4] mentions "The Dual King Meribra Seth ... 6 days".[5] He is predeced by Sehotepkara Intef (7:22) and successed by Sekhemre Wadjtawy Sobekhotep (7:24). The duration of Seth Meribre's reign is lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon, except for the end "... [and] 6 days".
Theories
editThe Egyptologists Darrell Baker and Kim Ryholt place Seth Meribre as the twenty-fourth ruler of the 13th Dynasty, while Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the twentieth king.[6] These authors agree, however, that Seth Meribre probably usurped the throne at the expense of his predecessor, Sehetepkare Intef.[4]
Kim Ryholt gives a total of 10 years for the combined reigns of Imyremeshaw, Sehetepkare Intef and Seth Meribre.[1] Furthermore, following Papyrus Boulaq 18, there are reasons to believe that either Imyremeshaw or Sehetepkare Intef reigned for over five years, thus leaving less than 5 years to Seth Meribre.[citation needed]
Jürgen von Beckerath believes that Seth Meribre can be identified with a king mentioned on Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet of the much later 22nd Dynasty. This king bears the name "Aaqen", literally The donkey is strong. Von Beckerath proposes that this refers to Seth Meribre and that the name originally was "Sethqen", that is, Seth is strong. Indeed, since the god Seth had been ostracized during the 22nd Dynasty, the hieroglyph of the Seth-animal had been replaced by the hieroglyph of the donkey, yielding "Aaqen".
Seth Meribre may have been the twenty-fourth pharaoh and reigned from Memphis, ending in 1749 BC[1] or c. 1700 BC.[7] The length of his reign is not known for certain; the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that he reigned for a short time, certainly less than ten years.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
- ^ Egyptian Museum, Cairo JE 35256
- ^ Leahy, Anthony (1989). "A Protective Measure at Abydos in the Thirteenth Dynasty". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75: 41–60.
- ^ a b c Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 406
- ^ https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/column-7/ [bare URL]
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Konigsnamen, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 20, Mainz.
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002