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Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

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"SANU" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sanu.

The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Serbica; Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности, САНУ, romanized: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU) is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841 as Society of Serbian Letters (Serbian: Друштво србске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srbske slovesnosti, DSS).

Serbian Academy of
Sciences and Arts
AbbreviationSANU / САНУ
Formation1841; 183 years ago (1841)
TypeNational academy
PurposeScience, arts, academics
HeadquartersKnez Mihailova St. 35,
Belgrade, Serbia
Location
President
Zoran Knežević
Budget€5.72 million (2020, planned[1])
Websitewww.sanu.ac.rs

The Academy's membership has included Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić, Leopold Ružička, Vladimir Prelog, Glenn T. Seaborg, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Peter Handke as well as, Josif Pančić, Jovan Cvijić, Branislav Petronijević, Vlaho Bukovac, Mihajlo Pupin, Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Mihailo Petrović-Alas, Mehmed Meša Selimović, Danilo Kiš, Paja Jovanović, Dmitri Mendeleev, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Jacob Grimm, Antonín Dvořák, Henry Moore and many other scientists, scholars and artists of Serbian and foreign origin.[2]

History

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Predecessors

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Prince Michael speaks to the Society of Serbian Scholarship members at the first meeting on June 8, 1842, by Anastas Jovanović

The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences (Serbian: Српска краљевска академија, СКА, romanized: Srpska kraljevska akademija, SKA) was the successor to the Serbian Learned Society (Serbian: Српско учено друштво, СУД, romanized: Srpsko učeno društvo, SUD) with which it merged in 1892 and accepted its members as its own either regular or honorary members, its tasks and its place in scientific and cultural life. The same had occurred several decades earlier when the Serbian Learned Society on 29 July 1864 took over the place and functions of the Society of Serbian Scholarship (Serbian: Друштво српске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srpske slovesnosti, DSS), the first learned society in the Principality of Serbia, founded on 7 November 1841. The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences was led by members, such as Jovan Cvijić.

In 1864, the Society elected to its membership international revolutionary figures as Giuseppe Garibaldi, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and Alexander Herzen, and was immediately abolished for this action by the conservative government of Prince Mihailo Obrenović.

Founding of Serbian Royal Academy

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The SANU department in Novi Sad

Since the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was founded by law (as the Serbian Royal Academy) of 1 November 1886, it has been the highest academic institution in Serbia.[3] According to the Royal Academy Founding Act, King Milan was to appoint the first academic, who would then choose other members of the academy. The names of the first academics were announced by King Milan on 5 April 1887. At that time, there existed four sections in the academy, which were then called "specialised academies". Four academics were appointed to each section:

Academy of Natural Sciences

Academy of Philosophy

Academy of Social Sciences

Academy of Arts

Departments

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  • Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo Sciences
  • Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences
  • Department of Technical Sciences
  • Department of Medical Sciences
  • Department of Languages and Literature
  • Department of Social Sciences
  • Department of Historical Sciences
  • Department of Arts

Institutes

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  • Institute for Serb Studies
  • Institute for Byzantine Studies
  • Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić"
  • Ethnographical Institute
  • Institute for the Serbian Language
  • Institute of Technical Sciences
  • Mathematical Institute
  • Institute of Musicology

Building

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The SANU building, completed in 1924.

From 1909 till 1952 Serbian Academy of Science and Arts Building was located at 15 Brankova Street. This building was demolished in 1963. After that the Academy was moved to 35 Knez Mihailova Street, in a magnificent building in the city centre, where it has remained up to now. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts (SASA), the highest scientific institution in Serbia, has been decorating Knez Mihailova Street[4] for almost one century, bringing the spirit of French decorations and Art Nouveau in the architecture of Belgrade.[5]

The sketches, proposals and designs for the construction of this magnificent building were created from the first day of its founding in 1886; however, the Academy did not move in the building until 1886. Right after the founding of the Academy, the erection of the building was considered at the representative location in Knez Мihailova Street, which Prince Mihailo Obrenović III donated for educational cause.[6]

Considering the fact that apart from the plot Serbian Royal Academy (SRA) had no other financial resources, the erection of the temporary ground-floor building was considered until the conditions are fulfilled for the construction of the representative object in which two important national institutions were supposed to be located: The Serbian Country Museum and The National Library. In the following years SRA considered various ways of forming funds and acquiring financial resources for the construction of its building. The mutual fund of SRA, National Library and The Serbian Country Museum was formed in 1896 by the King's Decree, so that with the initial capital and its own plot, the Academy was able to begin solving the construction problem.

 
The SANU building in Knez Mihailova Street, Belgrade
 
SANU logo

Affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900.[7] It was the first project in a row which remained unrealized: starting from the plea to eminent architectures Аndra Stevanović,[8] Nikola Nestorović,[9] Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević,[10] to make the preliminary designs, through the unsuccessful announcement of the public competition, until the attempt to form the project resembling the building of Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts from Zagreb[11] and new designs of an architect Konstantin Jovanović. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, the interest of the three institutions for the construction of the common building was not constant. Dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović[12] endowment at 15 Brankova Street.[13] After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović.[14] The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics and the Ministers of Construction and Education.[15] The construction works were assigned to the Matija Bleh's company, whereas the facade plastics and sculptural program were done by Jungmann and Sunko. However, the construction was interrupted by the beginning of the First World War.

The object was finished in 1924, but due to high construction expenses, SRA failed to move into its new building; instead of that, the entire object was rented. Believing that the design of the SRA building was supposed to transfer the advanced ideas, architects Stevanović and Đorđević created the design which did not rely on the previous designs in terms of its spatial and functional composition. Large sized building, which takes over the entire plot, was designed with the apartments and stores for rent and with richly оrnamented Art Nouveau decorated passages. In dealing with the facades, the authors did not completely abandoned the academic models of designing; they modernized one symmetrical, three-part division of facade canvas by introducing rounded corners, additionally emphasized with semi-circular bay windows. By introducing Art Nouveau elements in the form of three-part windows, of the аrabesque secondary plastic, modern designed details on the shop windows on the ground floor and the mezzanine, with the elements of French decorations, the authors achieved the luxurious facade program. The architectural plastic in the shape of floral arabesques, garlands and Art Nouveau masks, got a new dimension in the attic in the form of full sculpture of the symbolic meaning. The central motif of the main facade is the sculpture composition The Goddess Nika joining the trade and industry, whereas almost identical sculptural compositions The woman with the children were placed on the corners of the central protruding bay. One of those female sculptures is holding a torch in her hand, and the other one a pigeon.[16] The identical compositions of children sculptures were placed in the attics above the corners of the building and along the side facades, creating one of the richest sculptural programs of Belgrade architecture before the First World War. SRA was in the rented building in Brankova Street when the Second World War ended.

 
Gallery of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences

Right after the end of the war, in 1947 The Law on Serbian Academy of Science brought certain changes in its structure, when instead of the expert academies, six departments were formed as well as the certain number of the institutes. With the enlarged spectre of activities, the need for the necessary spatial capacities increased significantly, so the primary goal was the conversion of the entire building in Knez Mihailova Street into the office space, which included an extensive adaptation. The design was assigned to an architect Grigorij Samojlov,[17] who, along with an architect Đorđe Smiljanić completed the transformation of the inner part of the building, at the same time completing one of the most important interior designs. Samojlov showed extraordinary skill by reshaping the existing object into the almost compact academic combination with central atrium, he formed a two-tract office system, completely eliminated the passages, except for the central one, which was partially redesigned into the main entrance hall, whereas the ground floor kept its commercial character. The creation of the entrance from Knez Mihailova Street and designing of the access to the conference hall contributed to the realization of the representative space. According to the new concept, Samojlov designed the exterior in the modernized academic style with purified geometrized decorative repertoire. At the same time, the Congress hall was adapted, gaining the gallery and in the arched niches two paintings "The Science", painted by Petar Lubarda and "The Art", painted by Мilo Milunović. Along with the adaptation certain changes were made on the very facade: the glass marquise was removed from the mezzanine, the mezzanine windows were changed, as well as the shop windows on the ground floor, a decorative dome was reconstructed and a cornice and all decorative elements were removed.

 
Gallery of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences, exhibition of artworks by Vlaho Bukovac

The building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova and Vuka Karadžića Street. Perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. The glass gaps of the final collimation line in the entrance hall were replaced by the stained glass done in 2000, after the drawings by Branko Miljuš, whereas the stained glass windows in the Congress Hall and in the foyer in front of the hall were made after the design of the academic Mladen Srbinović in 2005. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, as the most significant scientific institution in Serbia, gave the biggest contribution to the improvement of the scientific thought, gathering many prominent names of Serbian, Yugoslav and world science and artistic creation. Its building, built at one of the most representative locations of Belgrade urban space, with its architecture makes the inevitable part of the evaluation of, not only local, but also national construction heritage for almost one century. Taking into consideration the undeniable values and the importance, it was designated as a cultural monument in 1992.

A complete reconstruction of the exterior and interior was announced in 2020, with the goal being to complete the works in 2024 and make space for a new concert hall.[18]

Electoral assemblies

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New members of the Academy are elected on the electoral assemblies, which have been held every third year since 1985.

In order to make room for academics from a wider field of arts, "Department of Fine Arts and Music" was renamed to "Department of Arts" in 2021, which was the first major organisational change in the Academy after a number of years.[19]

List of presidents

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Josif Pančić, first President of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1887–1888)
 
Aleksandar Belić, longest-serving President of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1937–1960)
Name Period
Josif Pančić 1887–1888
Čedomilj Mijatović 1888–1889
Dimitrije Nešić 1892–1895
Milan Đ. Milićević 1896–1899
Jovan Ristić 1899
Sima Lozanić 1899–1900
Jovan Mišković 1900–1903
Sima Lozanić 1903–1906
Stojan Novaković 1906–1915
Jovan Žujović 1915–1921
Jovan Cvijić 1921–1927
Slobodan Jovanović 1928–1931
Bogdan Gavrilović 1931–1937
Aleksandar Belić 1937–1960
Ilija Đuričić 1960–1965
Velibor Gligorić 1965–1971
Pavle Savić 1971–1981
Dušan Kanazir 1981–1994
Aleksandar Despić 1994–1998
Dejan Medaković 1998–2003
Nikola Hajdin 2003–2015
Vladimir S. Kostić 2015–2023
Zoran Knežević 2023–present

List of Nobel laureates

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There have been 20 members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts who were honoured with the Nobel Prize.[20]

Full members

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Laureate Image Year Category Rationale
Leopold Ružička   1939 Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes."[21]
Ivo Andrić   1961 Literature "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country."[22]

Foreign members

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Laureate Image Year Category Rationale
Theodor Mommsen   1902 Literature "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome."[23]
Henryk Sienkiewicz   1905 Literature "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer."[24]
Glenn T. Seaborg   1951 Chemistry "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements."[25]
Selman Waksman   1952 Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis."[26]
Mikhail Sholokhov   1965 Literature "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people."[27]
René Cassin   1968 Peace "President of the European Court of Human Rights."[28]
Derek Barton 1969 Chemistry "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry."[29]
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn   1970 Literature "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature."[30]
Pyotr Kapitsa   1975 Physics "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics."[31]
Vladimir Prelog   1975 Chemistry "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions."[32]
Roger Guillemin   1977 Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain."[33]
Czesław Miłosz   1980 Literature "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts."[34]
Torsten Wiesel   1981 Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system."[35]
Yevgeniy Chazov   1985 Peace Member of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Stanley B. Prusiner   1997 Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection."[36]
Paul Greengard   2000 Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system."[37]
Harold Pinter   2005 Literature "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms."[38]
Peter Handke   2019 Literature "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."[39]

List of Pulitzer laureates

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Full members

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Laureate Image Year Category Work
Mihajlo Pupin   1924 Biography or Autobiography From Immigrant to Inventor

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "ЗАКОН О БУЏЕТУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРБИЈЕ ЗА 2020. ГОДИНУ" (PDF). parlament.gov.rs. Народна скупштина Републике Србије. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Members". Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  3. ^ Siniša Paunović (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. p. 500.
  4. ^ The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, The Catalogue of the immovable cultural properties on the territory of the City of Belgrade, retrieved on 18 March 2016.
  5. ^ The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, The Catalogue of the immovable cultural properties on the territory of the City of Belgrade, retrieved on 18 March 2016.
  6. ^ The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, the file of the cultural monuments, the building of SASA.
  7. ^ About Konstantin Jovanović see: Lj. Nikić, Architect Konstantin Jovanović, The Yearbook of the City of Belgrade IV, Belgrade 1957, 345–358; Lj. Babić, Life and work of architect Konstantin A. Jovanović, general part, ZAF V-6, Belgrade 1960, 5–15; LČj. Nikić, From the architectural activity of Konstantin Jovanović in Belgrade, The Yearbook of the City of Belgrade XXIII, Belgrade 1976, 127–142; М. Šćekić, Konstantin Jovanović, An architect, Belgrade 1988; G. Gordić, V. Pavlović-Lončarski, Architect Konstantin A. Jovanović, Belgrade 2004; I. Кleut, The construction opus of Konstantin Jovanović in Belgrade, The Yearbook of the City of Belgrade LIII, Belgrade 2006, 213–250; D. Vanušić, Коnstantin A. Jovanović A grand scale architect, Belgrade, 2013.
  8. ^ About Andra Stojanović see: P. Popović, Andra J. Stevanović, Serbian literary gazette, no. 28, Belgrade 1930, 353–359; D. Đurić – Zamolo Pedagogical work. Architect Andra Stevanović, The architecture of the urbanism, no. 67, Belgrade 1971, 51–52; B. Nestorović, Belgrade architects Andra Stevanović and Nikola Nestorović, The Yearbook of the City of Belgrade, XXIII, Belgrade 1975, 173–180.
  9. ^ About Nikola Nestorović see: B. Nestorović, Belgrade architects Andra Stevanović and Nikola Nestorović, The Yearbook of the City of Belgrade, XXIII, Belgrade 1975, 173–180; М. Pavlović, The life and work of the architect Nikola Nestorović (1868–1957), doctoral thesis, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 2014.
  10. ^ About Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević see: Z. Manević (ed), Lexicon of Serbian architects of the 19th and the 20th century, Belgrade 1999; S. Bogunović, Architectural encyclopaedia of Belgrade from 19th and 20th century, volume II: Architects, Belgrade 2005; D. Đurić – Zamolo, The Builders of Belgrade 1815–1914, Belgrade 2009.
  11. ^ Croatian Academy of Science and Arts, retrieved on 18 March 2016.
  12. ^ The biggest Serbian founders: Gave churches, schools, orphanages to the Serbs, Telegraf, retrieved on 18 March 2016.
  13. ^ С.M. Jovanović, the Silhouettes of the old Belgrade 1, Belgrade 1971; Lj. Nikić, G. Žujović, G. radojčić-Kostić, Material for the biographic vocabulary of the members of the Society of Serbian Letters, Serbian Learned Society and Serbian Royal Academy 1841–1947, Belgrade 2007.
  14. ^ The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade [5], retrieved 18 March 2016
  15. ^ Аnonymous, Daily News, Politika, 27 March 1914, 3.
  16. ^ Đ. Sikimić, Fаcade Sculpture in Belgrade, Belgrade 1966, 64–65; D. Šarenac, Myths, symbols, Belgrade 1991, 24–25; М. Маrinković, Architectural plastic of the Public objects in Belgrade, master's thesis, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 2005, 122–123.
  17. ^ About an architect Grigorije Samojlov see: M. Prosen, Post-war opus of Grigorije Samojlov, DaNS 49, Novi Sad 2005, 46–48; М. Prosen, An architect Grigorije Samojlov, the catalogue of the exhibition, Belgrade, 2006.
  18. ^ Мучибабић, Далиборка. "За 100. рођендан – концертна дворана у Палати САНУ". Politika Online. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  19. ^ Dimitrijević, Milica. "Ako se ne poveća broj članova, Odeljenju umetnosti preti gašenje". Politika Online. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. ^ "SASA Members Nobel Laureates". sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  21. ^ "Leopold Ruzicka". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  22. ^ "Ivo Andric". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  23. ^ "Theodor Mommsen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  24. ^ "Henryk Sienkiewicz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  25. ^ "Glenn T. Seaborg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Selman Waksman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Mikhail Sholokhov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  28. ^ "René Cassin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  29. ^ "Derek Barton". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  30. ^ "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  31. ^ "Pyotr Kapitsa". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  32. ^ "Vladimir Prelog". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Roger Guillemin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  34. ^ "Czeslaw Milosz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  35. ^ "Torsten Wiesel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  36. ^ "Stanley B. Prusiner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  37. ^ "Paul Greengard". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  38. ^ "Harold Pinter". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  39. ^ "Peter Handke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 12 September 2020.

Sources

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  • Sofija Škorić and George Vid Tomashevich, The Serbian Academy After A Century: An Institution at Risk?, published by The Serbian Heritage Academy of Canada, Toronto, 1987.
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