The Septennial Act 1715 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 38), sometimes called the Septennial Act 1716,[3][4] was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It was passed in May 1716.[5] It increased the maximum length of a parliament (and hence the maximum period between general elections) from three years to seven. This seven-year ceiling remained in law from 1716 until 1911. The previous limit of three years had been set by the Triennial Act 1694, enacted by the Parliament of England.
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act for enlarging the Time of Continuance of Parliaments, appointed by an Act made in the Sixth Year of the Reign of King William and Queen Mary, intituled, "An Act for the frequent meeting and calling of Parliaments." |
|---|---|
| Citation | 1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 38 |
| Introduced by | Duke of Devonshire[2] (Lords) |
| Territorial extent | |
| Dates | |
| Repealed | 15 September 2011 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | Parliament Act 1911 |
| Repealed by | |
| Relates to | |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of the Septennial Act 1715 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |
The act's ostensible aim was to reduce the expense caused by frequent elections. It did not require Parliament to last for a full term, but merely set a maximum length on its life. Most parliaments in the remainder of the eighteenth century did indeed last for six or seven years, with only two lasting for a shorter time. In the nineteenth century, the average length of a term of the Parliament of the United Kingdom was four years. One of the demands of the mid-nineteenth century Chartists—the only one that had not been achieved by the twentieth century—was for annually elected parliaments.
The Septennial Act 1715 was amended on 18 August 1911 by section 7 of the Parliament Act 1911 to reduce the maximum term of a parliament to five years.
The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 repealed the Septennial Act 1715 in its entirety. It has since been reenacted, with minor differences, as section 4 of the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.
Provisions
editThe text of the act is very short. As originally in force, it stated:
Be it enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that this present Parliament, and all Parliaments that shall at any time hereafter be called, assembled, or held, shall and may respectively have continuance for seven years, and no longer, to be accounted from the day on which by the writ of summons this present Parliament hath been, or any future Parliament shall be, appointed to meet, unless this present or any such Parliament hereafter to be summoned shall be sooner dissolved by his Majesty, his heirs or successors.[6]
The act overturned certain provisions of the Triennial Act 1694.[7]
Aim and effects
editThe ostensible aim of the Septennial Act 1715 was, by reducing the frequency of elections, to reduce the cost during a given period of holding them. However, it may have had the effect of keeping the Whig party, which had won the 1715 general election, in power for a longer time. The Whigs won the following general election in 1722.[citation needed]
Constitutionality
editJames Madison used the Septennial Act 1715 as an illustrative example of the difference between the traditional British system and the revolutionary new American constitution. In Federalist No. 53 Madison drew a distinction between "a Constitution established by the people and unalterable by the government, and a law established by the government and alterable by the government." The Act was also criticized by Thomas Paine and Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke. In Dissertation upon Parties, Bolingbroke wrote that the "constitution is the rule by which our princes ought to govern at all times".[8]
Prolongation of Parliament during the First World War and Second World War
editDuring the First World War, a series of Acts was passed to prolong the life of the parliament elected in December 1910 until the end of the war in 1918. A series of annual Acts was also passed during the Second World War to prolong the parliament elected at the 1935 general election until the war in Europe had ended in mid-1945.
First World War
edit| Short title | Citation | Date of assent | Maximum duration[a] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parliament and Registration Act 1916 | Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom 1916 c. 100 | 27 January 1916 | 5 years and 8 months |
| Parliament and Local Elections Act 1916 | 6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 44 | 23 August 1916 | 6 years and 3 months |
| Parliament and Local Elections Act 1917 | 7 & 8 Geo. 5. c. 13 | 26 April 1917 | 6 years and 10 months |
| Parliament and Local Elections (No. 2) Act 1917 | 7 & 8 Geo. 5. c. 50 | 29 November 1917 | 7 years and 6 months |
| Parliament and Local Elections Act 1918 | 8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 22 | 30 July 1918 | 8 years |
Second World War
edit| Short title Long title |
Citation | Date of assent | Maximum duration[a] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prolongation of Parliament Act 1940 An Act to extend the duration of the present Parliament. |
3 & 4 Geo. 6. c. 53 | 6 November 1940 | 6 years – to 18 November 1941 |
| Prolongation of Parliament Act 1941 An Act to extend the duration of the present Parliament. |
4 & 5 Geo. 6. c. 48 | 11 November 1941 | 7 years – to 18 November 1942 |
| Prolongation of Parliament Act 1942 An Act to extend the duration of the present Parliament and to provide for the extension of the duration of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. |
5 & 6 Geo. 6. c. 37 | 22 October 1942 | 8 years – to 18 November 1943 |
| Prolongation of Parliament Act 1943 An Act to extend the duration of the present Parliament and to provide for the extension of the duration of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. |
6 & 7 Geo. 6. c. 46 | 11 November 1943 | 9 years – to 18 November 1944 |
| Prolongation of Parliament Act 1944 An Act to extend the duration of the present Parliament and to provide for the extension of the duration of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. |
7 & 8 Geo. 6. c. 45 | 17 November 1944 | 10 years – to 18 November 1945 |
See also
edit
References
edit- 'Book 1, Ch. 19: George I', A New History of London: Including Westminster and Southwark (1773), pp. 306–25. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=46736. Date accessed: 20 November 2006.
- ^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
- ^ Noorthouck, John (1773). "Ch. 19: George I". A New History of London: Including Westminster and Southwark. Vol. Book 1. pp. 306–325. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
the bill originated in the house of peers, where it was introduced by the duke of Devonshire
- ^ Donald F Bur. Laws of the Constitution: Consolidated. University of Alberta Press. 2020. p xlvi.
- ^ As to the year of an Act, see Johnson, Privatised Law Reform, 2018, p 31; Johnson, Parliament, Inventions and Patents, 2018, note 1 to Introduction; Chitty's Statutes of Practical Utility, 6th Ed, 1911, vol 1, title "Act of Parliament", p 28.
- ^ Lease, Owen C. "The Septennial Act of 1716." The Journal of Modern History 22, No. 1 (1950): 42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875879 (retrieved 30 December 2013)
- ^ The Statutes, vol. 2 (1871), p. 257
- ^ Derek Heater. Citizenship in Britain: A History. Edinburgh University Press. 2006. p 86. David Stasavage. Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p 166, note 11.
- ^ Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press. 17 May 2012. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-957861-0.
External links
edit
- Text of the Septennial Act 1715 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.