Sarı Saltık (alternatively spelled as Sarı Saltuk and also referred as Sarı Saltuk Baba or Dede, Ottoman Turkish: صارى صالتق, romanized: Ṣârı̊ Ṣâltı̊ḳ; Ṣârı̊ Ṣâltuḳ; sarı meaning 'the blonde',[1] died 1297/98)[2] was a 13th-century Alevi Turkish dervish, venerated as a saint by the Bektashi Sufi Muslims in the Balkans and parts of Middle East as well as the mainstream Sunni Muslim community.
Saltık | |
|---|---|
صالتق | |
 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Unknown, possibly Bukhara |
| Died | c. 1297/98 |
| Resting place | Mausoleum of Sari Saltuk Baba, Babadag, Romania 44°53′37.3″N 28°43′07.0″E / 44.893694°N 28.718611°E |
| Era | Late Middle Ages |
| Known for | Sufi mysticism |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Muslim leader | |
| Period in office | 13th century |
Influenced by | |
Historical figure
editAccording to 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, Saltik was an "ecstatic devotee", although "things are told of him that are reproved by the Divine Law".[3] He is considered by various sources a disciple of Mahmud Hayran,[4] of Haji Bektash Veli,[5] or of one of the successors of Ahmed ar-Rifa'i.[6] According to the 17th-century traveller Evliya Çelebi, his real name was Mehmed, and he was from Bukhara.[7] Early 20th-century historian Frederick Hasluck considered him a saint of a Tatar tribe from Crimea, which had brought his cult into Dobruja, from where it was spread by the Bektashis.[8]
According to the 15th-century Oghuzname narrative, in 1261 he accompanied a group of Anatolia Turkomans into Dobruja, where they were settled by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII to protect the northern frontier of the empire. However, Dobruja was occupied by Tatars in the same period. The same source places him in Crimea after 1265, along the Turkomans transferred there by Tatar khan Berke, and after 1280 mentions him leading the nomads back to Dobruja.[9][10] After the death of Sari Saltik, some of the Turkomans returned to Anatolia, while other remained and became Christians,[11] becoming the ancestors of the Gagauz people.[12] This migration has characteristics of a folk epic destan, and its historicity is doubted by some scholars.[3]
Legacy in Babadag
editThe town of Babadag (Turkish, Babadağ, Mountain of the Baba), in the Romanian Dobruja, identified with the town of Baba Saltuq visited in 1331/1332 by Ibn Battuta,[13] is said to be named after him.[14] The oldest sources about Sari Saltik available place his tomb in the area of the future town.[15] This tomb was visited in 1484/1485 by Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II during a military campaign, and, after reporting an important victory, he ordered the building of a religious and educational complex here (including a mausoleum to Saltik, finished in 1488), around which the town developed. According to Evliya Çelebi, a marble sarcophagus was found during the construction, with a Tatar inscription attesting it was the tomb of the saint. However this miraculous discovery is not mentioned in other sources talking about the sultan's passage through the town.[16]
Babadag became an important place of pilgrimage, visited in 1538 by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the most important urban centre in 16th-century Dobruja. The town however decayed during the frequent wars that ravaged the region during the 17th century, and was eventually burned down, along with the mausoleum to Saltik, during the Russo-Turkish Wars.[17] A simple domed türbe was rebuilt over the grave of the saint in 1828.[18] The mausoleum in Babadag remains of relative importance even nowadays, and was recently renovated, being reinaugurated in 2007 by the then-Turkish prime-minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[19]
Legendary figure
editIn various Orthodox Christian legends, he is identified with saints such as Saint George, Elijah, Saint Nicholas, Saint Simeon, Saint Naum or Saint Spyridon. According to a local legend, his body was buried in seven coffins, in remote towns and villages within the lands of the Infidels.[7] Nowadays, alleged tombs (türbe) of his, are found all over the Balkans (Blagaj, Mostar, Krujë, Kaliakra) and western Anatolia (İznik).[20]
Notes
edit- ^ H.T. Norris (2006). Popular Sufism in Eastern Europe Sufi Brotherhoods and the Dialogue with Christianity and 'Heterodoxy'. p. 66.
- ^ according to Yusuf an-Nabhani, Ğami Karamat'l-Awliya, quoted in Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 286
- ^ a b Norris, Islam in the Balkans, pp. 146-47.
- ^ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., p. 658
- ^ Babinger, Sarı Saltuk Baba (Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede), p. 171
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 287
- ^ a b Babinger, Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede, p. 172
- ^
Sari Saltik, the Bektashi apostle par excellence of Rumeli, seems to have had a similar history. He appears to have been originally the saint of a Tatar tribe in the Crimea, which emigrated to Baba Dagh in Rumania, carrying its cult with it. Developed by the Bektashi, Sari Saltik loses every trace of his real origin and figures as one of the missionary saints sent by Ahmed Yasevi for the conversion of Europe.
— Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, p. 340 - ^ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 648-649, 659
- ^
Yazicioğlu 'Alī, who wrote during the reign of Murad II (1421-51), says that 'Izz al-Dīn Kaykā'ūs II, who was threatened by his brother, found refuge with his followers at the court of the Byzantine emperor. He fought the latter's enemies, and as a reward the latter gave them the Dobrudja. The Turkish clans were summoned, and with Ṣarī Ṣaltiq (Sari Saltik) as their leader, they crossed over from Üsküdar and then proceeded to the Dobrudja.
— Norris, Islam in the Balkans, pp. 146-47. - ^ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 661-662
- ^ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 666
- ^ Other scholars have suggested Ibn Battuta's Baba Saltuq should be placed in the steppes of Southern Russia
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 284
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 286-287
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 290-292
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 294-296
- ^ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 298
- ^ ROMPRES (2007-10-27). "Premierul Republicii Turcia a vizitat Babadagul". Ziua de Constanţa. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ "Sari Saltuk Tomb". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
References
edit- Babinger, Franz (1993) [1913-1936]. "Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede". In Houtsma, M. Th.; et al. (eds.). First Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 171–172. ISBN 90-04-09796-1.
- Hasluck, F. W. (2007) [1929]. "XXXII. Sari Saltik". Christianity and Islam under the Sultans. Vol. II. Hasluck Press. pp. 429–439. ISBN 978-1-4067-5887-0.
- Kiel, Machiel (2005). "Ottoman urban development and the cult of a heterodox Sufi Saint: Sarı Saltuk Dede and towns of İsakçe and Babadağ in the northern Dobruja". In Gilles Veinstein (ed.). Syncretismes Et Heresies Dans L'Orient Seljoukide Et Ottoman. Collection Turcica. Vol. IX. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 90-429-1549-8.
- Norris, H. T. (1993). Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-977-4.
- Wittek, Paul (1952). "Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies: 639–668. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00088595. JSTOR 609124. S2CID 140172969.