Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.[1][2][3]
| Sambucus cerulea Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Near Soda Mountain, southern Oregon | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Adoxaceae |
| Genus: | Sambucus |
| Species: | S. cerulea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Sambucus cerulea Raf.
| |
| |
| Natural range of Sambucus cerulea (including S. velutina in lighter blue) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea | |
Description
editSambucus cerulea is a large, deciduous shrub, which can grow to be 9 metres (30 feet) in height and 6 m (20 ft) in width. It normally grows rather wildly from several stems, which can be heavily pruned (or even cut to the ground) during winter dormancy.
The leaves are hairless, strongly pointed and sharp-toothed. They are elliptical to lanceolate, and the blade extends unequally on the stalk at the base. The leaves are commonly 3–15 centimetres (1–6 inches) long and 2–6 cm (1–2+1⁄2 in) wide.
The white or creamy coloured flowers, occurring May to June, are numerous and form a flat-topped cluster usually about 5–20 cm (2–8 in) wide. They are umbel-shaped, normally with 4 to 5 rays extending from the base. The flowers have a strong, unpleasant odor. Individual flowers are 4–7 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) wide.
The fruits given are berry-like drupes. They are juicy, round, and approximately 4–6 mm in diameter. They are bluish-black, with a glaucous powder coating (helping to distinguish them from other elderberries), which lends them a pale powdery blue colour. Each fruit contains 3 to 5 small seed-like stones, each enclosing a single seed.
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Flowers -
Berries -
Dried branch, Muséum de Toulouse
Taxonomy
editThe plant is classified by several different botanical names. Both the current United States Department of Agriculture database and The Jepson Manual of California flora (2013) classify it as S. nigra subsp. cerulea.[1][2]
The Sunset Western Garden Book identifies the plant as Sambucus mexicana, and note use of S. caerulea also.[4][5]
The botanist Victor King Chesnut (1867–1938) had classified it as S. glauca in 1902, when studying the plants used by the Indigenous peoples of California in Mendocino County.[6]
Distribution and habitat
edit
S. cerulea is native to the Western United States, northwestern Mexico, and British Columbia. It is found from the Pacific coasts, through California and the Great Basin, to Montana, Wyoming, Texas and Oklahoma.[1][2]
This species grows at elevations below 3,000 m (9,800 ft), in diverse habitats of mountains and hills, valleys, riparian zones, open places in woodlands and forests, and exposed slopes where moisture is reachable.[2][3]
Toxicity
editThe raw berries contain a toxin which, if eaten raw, may induce nausea in some people.[7]
Uses
editThe flower blossoms can be used to make tea. The fruits can be eaten raw (despite containing a toxin),[7] dried, or as jelly.[8]
Native American
editThe indigenous peoples of North America with the plant in their homelands use the leaves, blossoms, bark, roots, and wood for preparing traditional medicinal remedies, taken internally or applied externally.[9] The fresh, dried, and cooked berries are used for food.[9]
Some tribes used the wood to make musical instruments, such as flutes, clappers, and small whistles;[a] and smoking implements.[9] Soft wood was used as a spindle "twirling stick" to make fire by friction.[9] The bark was used to produce a remedy for fever.[11] Stems and berries were used as a dye for basket weaving materials.[9]
The Concow tribe of the Mendocino region calls the plant nō-kōm-hē-i′-nē in the Konkow language.[6]
Cultivation
editS. nigra ssp. cerulea is cultivated as an ornamental plant by plant nurseries, for planting in traditional, native plant, and habitat gardens. It is also used for natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects.[12] It can become a multi-trunk tree when trained from youth with only several dominant trunks.[4]
The plant is beneficial in wildlife gardens, its flowers attract pollinators, butterflies and hummingbirds, and its berries feed other bird species and chipmunks.[12]
Footnotes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "[no title cited]". Plants. USDA. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d "[no title cited]". Jepson eFlora. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Sambucus cerulea Raf". Montana Plant Life. Archived from the original on 28 August 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corporation. 2001. pp. 597–598.
- ^ Conrad, Jim (2009). "Blue Elderberries". Backyard Nature. Naturalist Newsletter. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 407. Retrieved 24 August 2012 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
- ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
- ^ a b c d e "Ethnobotany of Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea". Dearborn, MI: University of Michigan.
- ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers (Eastern Region ed.). Knopf. p. 448. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests. The Audubon Society Nature Guides. New York: Knopf. p. 426. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
- ^ a b "Sambucus caerulea (Blue Elderberry)". Las Pilitas Horticultural Database. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
External links
edit
- "Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea (blue elderberry)". CalFlora Database.
- "[description] of Sambucus cerulea subsp. caerulea". Jepson Manual. Berkeley, CA: University of California. TJM93.
- "[description] of Sambucus cerulea subsp. caerulea". Herbarium. Jepson Manual eFlora. Berkeley, CA: University of California. JM2. Retrieved 1 May 2018.