Sabha or Sebha /ˈsɛb.hɑː/ (Arabic: سَبْهَا, romanized: Sabhā) is an oasis city in southwestern Libya,[2] approximately 640 kilometres (400 mi) south of Tripoli.[3] It was historically the capital of the Fezzan region and the Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory and is the capital of the Sabha District.[4] Sabha Air Base, south of the city, is a Libyan Air Force installation that is home to multiple MiG-25 aircraft.[5]
Sabha
سبها Sabhā | |
|---|---|
 Sebha Bank from Kazem hotel (2010) | |
  Sabha Location in Libya | |
| Coordinates: 27°02′20″N 14°25′35″E / 27.03889°N 14.42639°E | |
| Country |  Libya |
| Region | Fezzan |
| District | Sabha |
| Elevation | 420 m (1,380 ft) |
| Population (2012)[1] | |
• Total | 99,028 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| License Plate Code | 1 |
Sabha was where the erstwhile ruler of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, grew up and received secondary education and where he also later became involved in political activism.[6] After the Libyan Civil War and the resultant instability in the country, Sabha reportedly grew in importance as a slave auctioning town.[7] However, an investigation by the National Commission for Human Rights in Libya (NCHRL) revealed that while there was illegal slavery, reports were exaggerated, as slave auctions were rare and not made public.[8] The city was seized by forces loyal to the Libyan National Army (LNA) and its leader Khalifa Haftar in January 2019,[9][10] but some politicians in the area switched their loyalty to the Government of National Accord (GNA) in May 2020.[11]
History
editIn historical times, Sabha was a major centre of the Libyan caravan trade.[12] Sabha Oasis, near Sabha, was the test site of OTRAG rockets, after launching was no longer possible in Shaba North in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo). On 1 March 1981, an OTRAG rocket with a maximum height of 50 km (31 mi) was launched. It was also a remote test site for the Soviet Space program from 1984 to 1991.[13]
In a 2004 report by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Sabha base was linked with Libya's nuclear weapons program.[14] In September 2011, Anti-Gaddafi forces seized Sabha as part of the Fezzan campaign.[15] No sign of a nuclear weapons program was found.
In April 2017, BBC reported that there was a slave market for African migrants in Sabha.[16]
In January 2019, forces loyal to LNA leader Khalifa Haftar launched an operation to take control of Sabha and were able to enter the city by the end of the month.[9] On 29 January 2019, it was announced that Haftar successfully captured Sabha.[10] In February 2019, Haftar's forces were spotted patrolling the city's neighborhoods.[17][10] By May 2, 2020, politicians and activists loyal to the Tripoli-based government had announced their support of the GNA,[11] and the city is currently[when?] under the control of pro-GNA municipal governments.[18]
Climate
edit| Sabha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sabha has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Summers are very hot, with temperatures reaching 40 °C regularly. Winters are mild with a high diurnal temperature variation. There is hardly any precipitation in the year with low (32%) humidity, and sunshine is abundant throughout the year.
| Climate data for Sabha (1962–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
35.7 (96.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.3 (100.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
31.3 (88.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.1 (0.04) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.02) |
2.1 (0.08) |
0.9 (0.04) |
1.1 (0.04) |
8.2 (0.32) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 2.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 42 | 37 | 31 | 22 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 30 | 27 | 29 | 38 | 40 | 32 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 260 | 252 | 269 | 275 | 304 | 341 | 375 | 361 | 295 | 284 | 258 | 252 | 3,526 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity and sun 1961–1990)[20][21][a] | |||||||||||||
Landmarks
editSabha is famous for the Fort Elena castle,[22] which is the castle featured on the reverse of the ten dinars banknote of Libya. Fort Elena was previously known as Fortezza Margherita, built during the Italian colonial period. Currently the Italian-built fort is a military institution.[23] Sabha University is situated in the city. It has been involved with field studies in the desert.[24] There are numerous irrigation canals, which are used to provide freshwater for growing crops.[12]
Transport
editThe city is served by Sabha Airport, which underwent expansion in the late 1970s.[25] An 800 km (500 mi) long railway has been proposed from Sabha to the port of Misrata for iron ore transport.[26]
Reports of slave auctions
editIn 2017, The United Nations Migration Agency reported that Sabha had turned into a modern-day slave auctioning town. Each slave (mostly migrants from countries to the south of Libya, especially Nigeria) was sold for around US$325, with reports up to 1000 such sales each month.[27] While this aspect of Sabha had been kept under check during the reign of Muammar Gaddafi, it raised its head again due to the turbulence in Libya caused by the civil war. Most of the migrants came here escaping equally tragic conditions back home in Burkina Faso, Nigeria and other neighbouring African countries.[7] However, the National Commission for Human Rights in Libya (NCHRL) revealed that the media reports of slavery were exaggerated and that slave auctions were not public, as suggested by CNN.[8] The slave auctions which were discovered were revealed to be rare.[8]
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Station ID for Sebha is 62124 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration
References
edit- ^ World Gazetteer. "Libya: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). Libya. Marshall Cavendish. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7614-1702-6.
- ^ Walt, Vivienne. "The Capture of Gaddafi's Son: The Reformer Who Refused to Reform Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine." TIME. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Francesca Davis DiPiazza (2006). Libya in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-8225-2549-6.
- ^ Libya: Ministry of Defense: Air Force: Air Order of Battle Archived 30 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ Blundy, David; Lycett, Andrew (1987). Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution. Boston and Toronto: Little Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-10042-7.
- ^ a b Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). "Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ a b c Assad, Abdulkader (18 November 2017). "Libyan human rights body upset over CNN report of slave auctions in Libya". The Libya Observer.
- ^ a b Cherif, Youssef (8 April 2019). "How far can Haftar get with his Tripoli offensive?". Al Jazeera.
- ^ a b c "Libya: Haftar's LNA Captures The Southern City Of Sabha". Al Shahid News. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Golden, Rabia (5 May 2020). "Activists and officials from Sabha announce support to GNA". The Libya Observer.
- ^ a b DiPiazza, Francesca (1 September 2005). Libya in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8225-2549-3. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ "Пранаб Мукерджи: Коррупция – это зло, которое может угнетать дух нации". Vedomosti. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ Griffiths, Katherine (2007) "Libya stalls on pledge to destroy stock of uranium" The Daily Telegraph 13 August 2007, p. 16
- ^ Wedeman, Ben (20 September 2011). "Government forces enter Libya's Sabha, to cheers". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "African migrants sold in Libya 'slave markets', IOM says". BBC News. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ Megerisi, Tarek (1 April 2019). "While You Weren't Looking, General Haftar Has Been Taking Over Libya". Foreign Policy.
- ^ Golden, Rabia (5 May 2020). "New governing council formed for the Sabha Municipality". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023.
- ^ a b "World Weather Information Service–Sebha". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Klimatafel von Sebha / Libyen" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ "Station 62124 Sebha". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ Martin, B. G. (1984) "Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the Fazzan Slave Trade, 1881-1896" pp. 64-65 in Willis, John Ralph (ed.) (1984) Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The Servile Estate Cass, London, pp. 51-82, ISBN 0-7146-3201-5
- ^ "Salvare la Fortezza Margherita" (in Italian). Agcnews.eu. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ Worsley, D. (19 December 2000). Geological Exploration in Murzuq Basin. Elsevier. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-08-053246-2.
- ^ Translations on Near East and North Africa. Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. p. 31.
- ^ Xinhua News Agency (2008) "Chinese win Libya rail bidding" International Herald Tribune 19 February 2008, Finance Section, p. 13
- ^ Hoad, Phil (19 June 2017). "Sabha in the spotlight: the city where migrants are sold as slaves". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
External links
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