Naturally occurring rhenium (75Re) is 37.4% 185Re, which is stable (although it is predicted to decay), and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable but has a very long half-life (4.12×1010 years).[4] Among elements with a known stable isotope, only indium and tellurium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope.
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| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Re) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
There are 36 other unstable isotopes recognized, the longest-lived of which are 183Re with a half-life of 70 days, 184Re with a half-life of 38 days, 186Re with a half-life of 3.7186 days, 182Re with a half-life of 64.0 hours, and 189Re with a half-life of 24.3 hours. There are also numerous isomers, the longest-lived of which are 186mRe with a half-life of 200,000 years and 184mRe with a half-life of 177.25 days.[5] All others have half-lives less than a day.
List of isotopes
edit
| Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4][n 5] |
Decay mode [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7][n 8] |
Spin and parity [n 9][n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
| 159Re[6] | 75 | 84 | 21(4) μs | p (92.5%) | 158W | (11/2−) | |||||||||||||
| α (7.5%) | 155Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 160Re[7] | 75 | 85 | 159.98212(43)# | 611(7) μs | p (89%) | 159W | (2−) | ||||||||||||
| α (11%) | 156Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 160mRe[8] | 185(21)# keV | 2.8(1) μs | IT | 160Re | (9+) | ||||||||||||||
| 161Re | 75 | 86 | 160.97759(22) | 0.37(4) ms | p | 160W | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 161mRe | 123.8(13) keV | 15.6(9) ms | α | 157Ta | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| 162Re | 75 | 87 | 161.97600(22)# | 107(13) ms | α (94%) | 158Ta | (2−) | ||||||||||||
| β+ (6%) | 162W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 162mRe | 173(10) keV | 77(9) ms | α (91%) | 158Ta | (9+) | ||||||||||||||
| β+ (9%) | 162W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 163Re | 75 | 88 | 162.972081(21) | 390(70) ms | β+ (68%) | 163W | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
| α (32%) | 159Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 163mRe | 115(4) keV | 214(5) ms | α (66%) | 159Ta | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| β+ (34%) | 163W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 164Re | 75 | 89 | 163.97032(17)# | 0.53(23) s | α (58%) | 160Ta | high | ||||||||||||
| β+ (42%) | 164W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 164mRe | 120(120)# keV | 530(230) ms | (2#)− | ||||||||||||||||
| 165Re | 75 | 90 | 164.967089(30) | 1# s | β+ | 165W | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
| α | 161Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 165mRe | 47(26) keV | 2.1(3) s | β+ (87%) | 165W | 11/2−# | ||||||||||||||
| α (13%) | 161Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 166Re | 75 | 91 | 165.96581(9)# | 2# s | β+ | 166W | 2−# | ||||||||||||
| α | 162Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 167Re | 75 | 92 | 166.96260(6)# | 3.4(4) s | α | 163Ta | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β+ | 167W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 167mRe | 130(40)# keV | 5.9(3) s | β+ (99.3%) | 167W | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||||
| α (.7%) | 163Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 168Re | 75 | 93 | 167.96157(3) | 4.4(1) s | β+ (99.99%) | 168W | (5+, 6+, 7+) | ||||||||||||
| α (.005%) | 164Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 168mRe | non-exist | 6.6(15) s | |||||||||||||||||
| 169Re | 75 | 94 | 168.95879(3) | 8.1(5) s | β+ (99.99%) | 169W | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||
| α (.005%) | 165Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 169mRe | 145(29) keV | 15.1(15) s | β+ (99.8%) | 169W | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||||
| α (.2%) | 164Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 170Re | 75 | 95 | 169.958220(28) | 9.2(2) s | β+ (99.99%) | 170W | (5+) | ||||||||||||
| α (.01%) | 166Ta | ||||||||||||||||||
| 171Re | 75 | 96 | 170.95572(3) | 15.2(4) s | β+ | 171W | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||
| 172Re | 75 | 97 | 171.95542(6) | 15(3) s | β+ | 172W | (5) | ||||||||||||
| 172mRe | 0(100)# keV | 55(5) s | β+ | 172W | (2) | ||||||||||||||
| 173Re | 75 | 98 | 172.95324(3) | 1.98(26) min | β+ | 173W | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
| 174Re | 75 | 99 | 173.95312(3) | 2.40(4) min | β+ | 174W | |||||||||||||
| 175Re | 75 | 100 | 174.95138(3) | 5.89(5) min | β+ | 175W | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
| 176Re | 75 | 101 | 175.95162(3) | 5.3(3) min | β+ | 176W | 3+ | ||||||||||||
| 177Re | 75 | 102 | 176.95033(3) | 14(1) min | β+ | 177W | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
| 177mRe | 84.71(10) keV | 50(10) μs | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
| 178Re | 75 | 103 | 177.95099(3) | 13.2(2) min | β+ | 178W | (3+) | ||||||||||||
| 179Re | 75 | 104 | 178.949988(26) | 19.5(1) min | β+ | 179W | (5/2)+ | ||||||||||||
| 179m1Re | 65.39(9) keV | 95(25) μs | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
| 179m2Re | 1684.59(14)+Y keV | >0.4 μs | (23/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
| 180Re | 75 | 105 | 179.950789(23) | 2.44(6) min | β+ | 180W | (1)− | ||||||||||||
| 181Re | 75 | 106 | 180.950068(14) | 19.9(7) h | β+ | 181W | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 182Re | 75 | 107 | 181.95121(11) | 64.0(5) h | β+ | 182W | 7+ | ||||||||||||
| 182m1Re | 60(100) keV | 12.7(2) h | β+ | 182W | 2+ | ||||||||||||||
| 182m2Re | 235.736(10)+X keV | 585(21) ns | 2− | ||||||||||||||||
| 182m3Re | 461.3(1)+X keV | 0.78(9) μs | (4−) | ||||||||||||||||
| 183Re | 75 | 108 | 182.950820(9) | 70.0(14) d | EC | 183W | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 183mRe | 1907.6(3) keV | 1.04(4) ms | IT | 183Re | (25/2+) | ||||||||||||||
| 184Re | 75 | 109 | 183.952521(5) | 35.4(7) d[5] | β+ | 184W | 3(−) | ||||||||||||
| 184mRe | 188.01(4) keV | 177.25(7) d[5] | IT (75.4%) | 184Re | 8(+) | ||||||||||||||
| β+ (24.6%) | 184W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 185Re | 75 | 110 | 184.9529550(13) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 5/2+ | 0.3740(2) | |||||||||||||
| 185mRe | 2124(2) keV | 123(23) ns | (21/2) | ||||||||||||||||
| 186Re | 75 | 111 | 185.9549861(13) | 3.7186(5) d | β− (93.1%) | 186Os | 1− | ||||||||||||
| EC (6.9%) | 186W | ||||||||||||||||||
| 186mRe | 149(7) keV | 2.0(5)×105 y | IT[n 11] | 186Re | (8+) | ||||||||||||||
| 187Re[n 12][n 13] | 75 | 112 | 186.9557531(15) | 4.12(2)×1010 y[n 14] | β−[n 15] | 187Os | 5/2+ | 0.6260(2) | |||||||||||
| 188Re | 75 | 113 | 187.9581144(15) | 17.0040(22) h | β− | 188Os | 1− | ||||||||||||
| 188mRe | 172.069(9) keV | 18.59(4) min | IT | 188Re | (6)− | ||||||||||||||
| 189Re | 75 | 114 | 188.959229(9) | 24.3(4) h | β− | 189Os | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 190Re | 75 | 115 | 189.96182(16) | 3.1(3) min | β− | 190Os | (2)− | ||||||||||||
| 190mRe | 210(50) keV | 3.2(2) h | β− (54.4%) | 190Os | (6−) | ||||||||||||||
| IT (45.6%) | 190Re | ||||||||||||||||||
| 191Re | 75 | 116 | 190.963125(11) | 9.8(5) min | β− | 191Os | (3/2+, 1/2+) | ||||||||||||
| 192Re | 75 | 117 | 191.96596(21)# | 16(1) s | β− | 192Os | |||||||||||||
| 193Re | 75 | 118 | 192.96747(21)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | 5/2+# | ||||||||||||||
| 194Re | 75 | 119 | 193.97042(32)# | 2# s [>300 ns] | |||||||||||||||
| This table header & footer: | |||||||||||||||||||
- ^ mRe – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission - ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
- ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 181Ta
- ^ Theoretically capable of β- decay to 186Os[1][9]
- ^ primordial radionuclide
- ^ Used in rhenium–osmium dating
- ^ Can undergo Bound-state β− decay with a half-life of 32.9 years when fully ionized
- ^ Theorized to also undergo α decay to 183Ta
Rhenium-186
editThis section needs expansion with: Usage in medicine, ATC=V10. You can help by adding to it. (October 2019) |
References
edit- ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Bosch, F.; Faestermann, T.; Friese, J.; et al. (1996). "Observation of bound-state β− decay of fully ionized 187Re: 187Re-187Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77.5190B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. PMID 10062738.
- ^ a b c Janiak, Ł.; Gierlik, M.; R. Prokopowicz, G. Madejowski; Wronka, S.; Rzadkiewicz, J.; Carroll, J. J.; Chiara, C. J. (2022). "Half-life of the 188-keV isomer of 184Re". Physical Review C. 106 (44303): 044303. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106d4303J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.044303. S2CID 252792730.
- ^ Page, R. D.; Bianco, L.; Darby, I. G.; Uusitalo, J.; Joss, D. T.; Grahn, T.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Pakarinen, J.; Thomson, J.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Greenlees, P. T.; Jones, P. M.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Ketelhut, S.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A.-P.; Nyman, M.; Rahkila, P.; Sarén, J.; Scholey, C.; Steer, A.; Hornillos, M. B. Gómez; Al-Khalili, J. S.; Cannon, A. J.; Stevenson, P. D.; Ertürk, S.; Gall, B.; Hadinia, B.; Venhart, M.; Simpson, J. (26 June 2007). "α decay of Re 159 and proton emission from Ta 155". Physical Review C. 75 (6): 061302. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..75f1302P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.75.061302. ISSN 0556-2813. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ Darby, I. G.; Page, R. D.; Joss, D. T.; Bianco, L.; Grahn, T.; Judson, D. S.; Simpson, J.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Greenlees, P. T.; Jones, P. M.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Ketelhut, S.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A.-P.; Nyman, M.; Rahkila, P.; Sarén, J.; Scholey, C.; Steer, A. N.; Uusitalo, J.; Venhart, M.; Ertürk, S.; Gall, B.; Hadinia, B. (20 June 2011). "Precision measurements of proton emission from the ground states of Ta 156 and Re 160". Physical Review C. 83 (6): 064320. Bibcode:2011PhRvC..83f4320D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.83.064320. ISSN 0556-2813. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ Darby, I. G.; Page, R. D.; Joss, D. T.; Simpson, J.; Bianco, L.; Cooper, R. J.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Ertürk, S.; Gall, B.; Grahn, T.; Greenlees, P. T.; Hadinia, B.; Jones, P. M.; Judson, D. S.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Ketelhut, S.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A. -P.; Nyman, M.; Rahkila, P.; Sarén, J.; Scholey, C.; Steer, A. N.; Uusitalo, J.; Venhart, M. (10 January 2011). "Decay of the high-spin isomer in 160Re: Changing single-particle structure beyond the proton drip line". Physics Letters B. 695 (1): 78–81. Bibcode:2011PhLB..695...78D. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.10.052. ISSN 0370-2693.
- ^ https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensnds/186/Re/adopted.pdf, NNDC Chart of Nuclides, Adopted Levels for 186Re.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.