1944 Republican Party presidential primaries

1944 Republican Party presidential primaries
1,057 delegates to the Republican National Convention; 529 (majority) votes needed to win
	Results map by state.
Previous Republican nominee; Wendell Willkie;	Republican nominee ; Thomas E. Dewey;

From March 14 to June 11, 1944, voters of the Republican Party selected delegates to the 1944 Republican National Convention for the purpose of selecting their nominee for president in the 1944 election at the 1944 Republican National Convention held from June 26 to June 28, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois.^[2]

Although the result of the elections were inconclusive, maneuvering by the delegates secured the nomination for Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey before they convened in Chicago. Dewey easily overcame a challenge from Governor of Ohio John W. Bricker and was nominated on the first ballot. In a bid to maintain party unity, Dewey, a moderate, chose the conservative Bricker as his running mate; Bricker was nominated by acclamation.

Background

1940 presidential election

In 1940, the Republican nomination was won by Wendell Willkie over Thomas E. Dewey and Robert A. Taft. Willkie owed his nomination to late momentum, at least in part a result of his avowed internationalism; while Dewey and Taft had taken competing stances as isolationists, their popularity declined in response to the growing anxiety over World War II following the fall of France. Dewey, the 38-year old Manhattan district attorney, was particularly damaged by perception that he lacked the experience necessary to manage increasingly bellicose foreign powers.

Following his loss to incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Willkie retained a public profile. As the United States entered the war, he took an aggressive stance in favor of Roosevelt's diplomatic and military policies, unlike most of his party.

1942 midterms

In the 1942 midterm elections, Republicans ended the Democratic supermajority in the United States Senate.^[3] Dewey ascended to leadership of the moderate Eastern wing of the party after his election as Governor of New York, one of the country's most powerful offices.

1943: Willkie declines

As the American war effort progressed, the Republican Party struggled to find common ground on the divisive issue of foreign policy. Wendell Willkie had no such hesitation, publishing his views in the April 1943 book One World, an account of his trip abroad serving as a representative for President Roosevelt. The book alienated Republican nationalists, given Willkie's avowed Wilsonian idealism, and Western foreign policy professionals of all stripes, given his calls to abolish empire and defense of Joseph Stalin. The book was the third non-fiction to sell one million copies since 1900, but his tone and ongoing efforts to ally with the White House alienated Willkie from his adopted party and many of his former supporters.^[4] One such alienated supporter was Harold Stassen, whose backing had been crucial to Willkie's nomination in 1940; Stassen now began to consider a campaign of his own.^[4] A poll of delegates to the 1940 convention marked Willkie as the weakest possible candidate for 1944; the delegates now favored Dewey, followed by Ohio Governor John W. Bricker. Dewey also led public polling over Willkie.^[4]

Members of the party made plans to prevent Willkie from winning the party's nomination in the 1944 election. Clarence Budington Kelland, a member of the Republican National Committee, wrote in a letter to Landon that Harrison E. Spangler, the chair of the party, was attempting to find ten to twelve men to serve as new national figures of the party. Landon and House Minority Leader Joseph W. Martin Jr. worked on stopping Willkie and finding a replacement nominee.^[3]

As 1944 began, the frontrunners for the Republican nomination appeared to be Willkie, Taft, and Dewey again. They were joined by General Douglas MacArthur, serving as Allied commander of the Pacific theater, and former Governor of Minnesota Harold Stassen, also serving the war effort in the Pacific as a naval officer. However, Taft surprised many by announcing he was not a candidate and instead backing Governor John W. Bricker, a fellow conservative Ohioan. With Taft out of the race, conservatives were divided between Bricker and General MacArthur. However, the campaign for MacArthur was limited by the General's inability to participate.

Candidates

Major candidates

These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.

Candidate	Most recent position	Home state	Campaign	Pledged delegates
Thomas E. Dewey	Governor of New York (1943–54)	New York	(Campaign)	97^[1]
John W. Bricker	Governor of Ohio (1939–45)	Ohio		65^[1]
Harold Stassen	Governor of Minnesota (1939–43)	Minnesota	(Campaign)	34^[1]
Douglas MacArthur	Army Chief of Staff (1930–35)	New York	(Campaign)	2^[1]
Earl Warren	Governor of California (1943–53)	California		50^[1]
Wendell Willkie	Businessman and 1940 presidential nominee	New York	(Campaign)	0

Favorite sons

The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media.

State Director of Taxation Joseph H. Bottum of South Dakota
Representative Charles A. Christopherson of South Dakota
Senator Chapman Revercomb of West Virginia
Governor Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts^[1]
Businessman Riley A. Bender of Illinois
Governor Simeon S. Willis of Kentucky^[1]
Governor Dwight Griswold of Nebraska^[1]

Declined to run

Senator Robert Taft of Ohio
Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan

Polling

Graph of opinion polls conducted

National polling

Source	Publication	John W. Bricker	Thomas Dewey	Gen. Douglas MacArthur	Harold Stassen	Earl Warren	Wendell Willkie
Gallup^[5]	May 1943	8%	38%	17%	7%	1%	28%
Gallup^[5]	June 1943	10%	37%	15%	7%	1%	28%
Gallup^[5]	Sep. 1943	8%	32%	19%	6%	1%	28%
Gallup^[5]	Dec. 1943	10%	36%	15%	6%	1%	25%
Gallup^[5]	Jan. 1944	8%	42%	18%	6%	–	23%
Gallup^[5]	Apr. 1944	9%	55%	20%	7%	–	7%
Gallup^[5]	May 1944	9%	65%	–	5%	2%	–
Gallup^[5]	June 1944	12%	58%	–	6%	–	–

Statewide contest by winner

Willkie withdrew from the presidential campaign following his poor results in the Wisconsin primary.^[3]


Date	Primary	Douglas MacArthur	Earl Warren	John W. Bricker	Thomas Dewey	Harold Stassen	Wendell Willkie	Unpledged
March 14	New Hampshire	–	–	–	2	–	–	100%
April 5	Wisconsin	2 (24%)	–	1 (0%)	15 (40%)	4 20%	16%	–
April 11	Illinois^[a]	92%	–	–	2%	–	–	6%^[b]
April 11	Nebraska^[a]	–	–	–	23%	66%	10%	–
April 23	Pennsylvania^[a]	5%	–	2%	84%	1%	2%	–
April 25	Massachusetts	–	–	–	–	–	–	100%
May 1	Maryland^[a]	–	–	–	–	–	21%	79%
May 2	South Dakota^[a]	–	–	–	–	–	–	100%^[c]
	Ohio	–	–	50 (100%)	–	–	–	–
	West Virginia^[a]	–	–	–	–	–	–	100%^[d]
May 16	California	–	100%	–	–	–	–	–
May 16	New Jersey^[a]	1%	–	1%	86%	1%	3%	–
May 19	Oregon	–	–	5%	15 (78%)	9%	5%	–

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g This was a non-binding preference primary with no delegates at stake.
^ Businessman Riley A. Bender received 6% of the vote.
^ 60% of the vote was for Charles A. Christopherson and 40% was for Joseph H. Bottum
^ All of the vote was for Senator Chapman Revercomb, the only candidate on the ballot.

The convention

Convention vote
Presidential ballot	1	Vice-presidential ballot	1
New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey	1,056	Ohio Governor John W. Bricker	1,057
General Douglas MacArthur	1	Abstaining	2

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Dewey Delegate Count is 138 Short of Needs". The Fresno Bee. 11 Jun 1944. p. 7. Retrieved 31 Jan 2023.
^ Kalb, Deborah (2016-02-19). Guide to U.S. Elections - Google Books. ISBN 9781483380353. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith 1982, pp. 382–86.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "US President - R Primaries". OurCampaigns.com. 15 Nov 2004. Retrieved 8 Apr 2020.

Bibliography

Smith, Richard Norton (1982). Thomas Dewey and His Times.

[nonbinding-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g This was a non-binding preference primary with no delegates at stake.

[7] Businessman Riley A. Bender received 6% of the vote.

[8] 60% of the vote was for Charles A. Christopherson and 40% was for Joseph H. Bottum

[9] All of the vote was for Senator Chapman Revercomb, the only candidate on the ballot.

[delcount-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Dewey Delegate Count is 138 Short of Needs". The Fresno Bee. 11 Jun 1944. p. 7. Retrieved 31 Jan 2023.

[2] Kalb, Deborah (2016-02-19). Guide to U.S. Elections - Google Books. ISBN 9781483380353. Retrieved 2016-02-19.

[book-3] Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.

[FOOTNOTESmith1982382–86-4] Smith 1982, pp. 382–86.

[:0-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "US President - R Primaries". OurCampaigns.com. 15 Nov 2004. Retrieved 8 Apr 2020.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]