Raja Prithu (also known as Jalpeswara) was a warrior ,king of the early medieval period in the present-day state of Assam, India, and Bangladesh. Archeological remains of a Shiva temple and extensive fortifications in present-day Jalpaiguri in India and present-day Rangpur District of Bangladesh are attributed to him.[1]
| Raja Prithu | |
|---|---|
| King of Kamarupa | |
| Reign | 1185–1228 |
| Died | 1228 |
Identity of King Prithu
editK. L. Barua claimed that the throne of Kamarupa was occupied by a king named Prithu after the end of the Vaidyadeva line. He credits this Prithu with the achievement of having defeated Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar.[2] Though N. K. Bhattasali asserts that the Prithu mentioned in the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri was a king from Awadh,[3] many scholars support the view that Minhaj himself was mistaken.[4] Recent scholarship tentatively identifies Prithu mentioned in Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri with Visvasundara of Kamarupa.[5][6]
Khalji's encounter with the Rai of Kamrup
editIn 1206, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji planned to invade Tibet, in order to plunder the treasures of the Buddhist monasteries and gain control of Bengal's traditional trade route with South East Asia[7] for which he had to pass through Kamrup and Sikkim. By this time Khalji had massacred 10,000 monks of Nalanda and had burned it down. Then he came to Bengal which was won without a fight as the king of Bengal Laksman Sena took flight, never to be heard of again. But he had heard of the Rai of Kamrud (as mentioned by Islamic chronicler Sirajuddin Minhajuddin in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri), so he thought it better to befriend him as he had to pass through the Rai's realm. So, he sent emissaries for forming an alliance. The Kamrup king[8] told him that he too wanted to attack Southern Tibet as it was the way to control the Tea Horse Road. So he proposed the idea of attacking Southern Tibet jointly. But then he informed Khalji's emissaries that the time was not right. As the rainy season was about to start, leading to great hardship, and perilous ascent to the mountains it was advisable to start the campaign after one season. But Khalji by that time had already arrived and was camping right in the present-day Siliguri in North Bengal.
So he found a local guide belonging to a tribe named Mech who could show him a route through Bhutan, that could bypass Kamrud as the Islamic forces use to pronounce Kamrup. But at first, Mech was converted to Islam and hence he was the first convert in the region, Ali Mech. So the latter took Khalji's army through the mountainous passes and defiles of Bhutan. On the 16th day, after reaching Southern Tibet they had some degree of success as they looted the riches of the Buddhist Gompa or monasteries. But there was a uprising among the Tibetans who inflicted heavy casualties on Bhaktiyar's forces by carrying relentless guerrilla-style attack on the Turkish army.[9] Their return journey was cut off. And in the meantime, the rainy season started and many died due to pestilence and diseases. Their rations were diminishing. A time came when they used to kill and eat their horses. Khalji then thought that since they cannot go back the way they had come they have to find a way to Kamrup and proceeded towards it. But when they were noticed by the spies of the Kamrup king,[8] they thought that Khalji had attacked their realm. So when the Rai was informed, he made plans to lure them to the point where a river named as "Begmati" (some scholars identify the river as the Teesta river[9]) referred in Tabaqat-i Nasiri fall into the Brahmaputra.
The Rai of Kamrup allowed Bakhtiyar Khalji's army to advance unchecked into his kingdom, in order to draw him away from his base of operations. He followed a scorched earth strategy, denying his enemy the opportunity to replenish their supplies and destroyed a bridge across the Teesta river[9] that Bakhtiyar Khalji's army had already crossed, thus cutting off their retreat. The invading force encountered stiff resistance upon entering the rough mountainous terrain of Tibet and decided to retreat. However, the retreat and the attempt to cross the river were disastrous as his forces were short on supplies and were attacked from all sides by Rai's forces. He made stockades of phanjis or spiked bamboos and drew the whole surviving army of ten thousand into a gully and attacked them and mercilessly cut them down. In an attempt to cross the river Bhaktiyar Khilji lost a number of men and horses.[10][11] After crossing the Teesta River, Bhaktiyar Khilji was guided by Ali Mech back to Devkot where he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.[12]
Death
editRaja Prithu is believed to have been killed in battle with Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1228 AD. No reference to this expedition can be had from the Muslim chronicle Tabaquat-i-Nasiri except the following: The accursed Bartu (Britu), beneath whose sword above a hundred and twenty thousand Musalmans had attained martyrdom, he (Nasiruddin) overthrew and sent to hell.[13]
References
edit- ^ Choudhury, Pratap Chandra (1 June 1953). The history of civilization of the people of Assam to the Twelfth Century A.D. (PDF) (PhD). SOAS University of London. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ Barua, K.L, Early History of Kamrupa, p.198-199
- ^ "I am afraid, a mistake of Sir Wolsey Haig in the IIIrd volume of the Cambridge History of India misled the Rai Bahadur (Barua) into taking Prithu to be a king of Kamrupa. It is, therefore, necessary here to discuss again the proofs on which the existence of this Prithu rests. The only authority for the existence of this Prithu is the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri,...I hope it is clear now, that Prithu must have been a man of Audh and not of Kamrupa, and Sir Wolsey Haig's erroneous conjecture led Rai Bahadur Barua into error." N.K.Bhattasali, "The Indian Historical Quarterly: New Light on the history of Assam",p.4-6.
- ^ "The Tabaqaut-i-Nasiri refers to him simply as the 'Rae of Kamrud' (Raja of Kamarupa). But the same source speaks of one Barthu or Britu of Oudh ... who was at last overthrown by Nasiruddin. Raverty and Sir Wolsey think that this Britu was king Prithu of Kamarupa. Minhaj, perhaps wrongly, mentioned him as the ruler of Oudh. This view is supported by many scholars." (Baruah 1986:172f)
- ^ "Visvasundara (son and successor of Vallabhadeva), (?) was perhaps to be identified with Prithu or Bartu of Minhaj." (Sarkar 1992:37–38)
- ^ "[Prithu] is believed to be the Kamarupa ruler who had to face and had successfully repulsed the first two Turko-Afghan invasions which came from Bengal in 1205-06 and in 1226-28 AD." (Boruah 2011, p. 82)
- ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
- ^ a b William John Gill; Henry Yule (9 September 2010). The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-108-01953-8.
- ^ a b c Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
- ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
Bakhtiar then made a desperate attempt bid to cross the bridge with his men and horses at a point where the river, form the looks of it was shallow but was actually very deep. The Turkish army lost many men and also their horses
- ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, Tabaquat-i-Nasiri, p.558.
- ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
Baktiyar reached the other side of the river where his old friend Ali met him and guided him back to Devkot...Ali Mardan's merciful knife ended a short but merciful life
- ^ Sharma,Suresh, Discovery of North-East India, Vol. 1,p.63
Bibliography
edit- Baruah, S L (1986), A Comprehensive History of Assam, Munshiram Manoharlal
- Boruah, Nirode (2011). "Kamarupa to Kamata: The political Transition and the New Geopolitical Trends and Spaces". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 78–86. JSTOR 44146698.
- Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48