Morphia of Melitene (died 1 October c. 1127) was the queen consort of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1118 until her death. She was an Armenian by ethnicity and an adherent of the Greek Orthodox faith. Her father, Gabriel, was a warlord in northern Syria. He wished to marry her off to one of the crusade leaders who were carving out states in the Levant, and eventually chose Count Baldwin II of Edessa. They married around 1100 and had four daughters: Melisende, Alice, Hodierna, and Ioveta. In 1118, Baldwin was elected king of Jerusalem; the next year, Morphia became the first woman to be crowned queen of Jerusalem. She did not participate in the government but took initiative to liberate her husband after he was captured in 1123. She died a few years later. According to historian Bernard Hamilton, her religious practices left a lasting mark on the status of Orthodox Christians in the crusader kingdom.
| Morphia of Melitene | |
|---|---|
| Queen consort of Jerusalem | |
| Tenure | 1118 – c. 1127 |
| Coronation | 25 December 1119 |
| Died | 1 October c. 1127 |
| Spouse | Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem |
| Issue | |
| Father | Gabriel, Lord of Melitene |
Background
editMorphia was the daughter of Gabriel, an Armenian prince who ruled the city of Melitene (Malatya) in the northern Syria region.[1] While a vast majority of Armenians adhered to the Oriental Orthodox Armenian Church,[2] Gabriel and his family were Melkites who practiced the Greek Orthodox faith.[3] Northern Syria was a strategic area for the crusaders, Catholics from Western Europe who established crusader states in the Levant in the late 11th and early 12th century. Key leaders of these settlers, called Latins or Franks, sought to marry into Armenian nobility, the region's indigenous Christians who occupied frontier cities between the encroaching Byzantine and Seljuk empires.[4]
Gabriel wished to ally himself with Bohemond I of Taranto, a crusader who had established the Principality of Antioch in 1098. He offered Morphia's hand in marriage to Bohemond as well as the city of Melitene, either completely or to be held in vassalage to Bohemond.[5] As Bohemond rushed to defend Melitene from the Seljuk Turks, he was captured, and the intended match failed. Instead, it was another crusade leader, Baldwin of Bourcq, who arrived to aid Gabriel and whom Morphia married.[6]
Marriage
editMorphia and Baldwin married before the crusade of 1101; historian Bernard Hamilton believes their union was probably celebrated in 1100.[1] The alliance with Morphia's father was valuable to Baldwin, who had just acquired the nearby County of Edessa, another newly established crusader polity. Morphia's dowry, said to have been enormous, would have been just as attractive.[1]
Morphia gave birth to three daughters while Baldwin ruled as the count of Edessa: Melisende, Alice, and Hodierna.[1] Her father's principality was conquered by the Turks in 1103,[1][7] and the political advantage Baldwin had gained from their marriage thus vanished.[1] Medieval rulers expected their wives to deliver sons and an alliance;[1] Baldwin's kinsman King Baldwin I of Jerusalem repudiated his own Armenian wife, Arda, because she failed to meet these requirements.[8] Though she too provided neither a son nor an alliance, Baldwin was happy with Morphia and devoted to her.[9] Historian Steven Runciman describes their union as "a spectacle, rare in the Frankish East, of perfect conjugal bliss".[10]
Queenship
editMorphia's husband, Count Baldwin, travelled to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage in 1118. King Baldwin I died during his journey and the count was elected to succeed him as the king of Jerusalem. There was no queen in the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the time: Baldwin I had sent away his last wife, Adelaide del Vasto, just as he had done with Arda,[1] and Morphia stayed with her daughters in Edessa.[11] Baldwin II delayed his coronation for almost a year and a half so that he could be crowned together with his wife.[12] In 1119, the king travelled to Edessa to install his cousin Joscelin of Courtenay as the new count and to bring his wife and their daughters to Jerusalem.[11] Baldwin and Morphia's coronation was held on Christmas 1119[12] in Bethlehem.[13] Morphia was the first queen of Jerusalem to undergo the ceremony.[14] The royal couple's fourth and youngest child, another daughter, Ioveta, was "born in the purple", that is, after their coronation.[1][15]
Morphia did not take part in everyday state affairs as queen. Her name does not appear in any of her husband's acts. Historian Bernard Hamilton speculates that this may have been due to her cultural background.[12] Yet, Hamilton argues that it must be at least partially thanks to the queen that, of all the non-Catholic Christian communities of the kingdom, including adherents of the various Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Greek Orthodox were the most privileged: only they were allowed daily liturgies at a large altar in a prominent part of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and only they had an altar of their own at the kingdom's chief Marian shrine, the Church of Our Lady of Josaphat.[16]
Though otherwise a passive queen, Morphia showed her ability to take charge of political affairs in 1123 when Baldwin II and his ally Joscelin were captured by the Muslim Turk leader Belek Ghazi and taken to the Harpoot Castle.[12][17] The queen hired a band of fifty Armenian soldiers[17][12] who, posing as monks and merchants and in other disguises, entered the castle under the pretense of seeking an audience with its governor. Once inside, they took weapons out of their garments and overpowered the garrison. Joscelin escaped, but Baldwin decided to try to hold the castle and was captured again.[17] In 1124, Morphia travelled to northern Syria with Joscelin to negotiate her husband's release. The ransom demanded was too high to be paid in full, and so hostages had to be provided as security: in addition to ten other children of the nobility, Morphia had to hand over her youngest daughter, the four-year-old Ioveta, while Joscelin gave up his son and heir, Joscelin II. Baldwin was then released.[18] Ioveta and the other hostages were returned in 1125.[19]
Death and legacy
edit
Queen Morphia died on 1 October, but the exact year remains unknown.[12] Hamilton proposes 1127 or 1128, noting that her husband, King Baldwin, granted land to the Church of Our Lady of Josaphat "for the repose of her soul" in early 1129. Morphia was the first queen to die in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Her decision to be buried at the Church of Our Lady of Josaphat created the precedent that the queens of Jerusalem should be buried there while the kings were buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[20]
Historian Hans Eberhard Mayer places Morphia's death on 1 October 1126 or 1127,[21] arguing that 1126 is more likely.[22] In that year the widowed king, left without an immediate prospect of a son, started settling his succession through a series of arrangements providing for his and Morphia's daughters.[21] It was decided that the firstborn, Melisende, would succeed Baldwin.[22] Alice, the second oldest, was married to Prince Bohemond II of Antioch in October 1126. The third, Hodierna, married Count Raymond II of Tripoli by 1138, but Mayer posits that a betrothal may have taken place as early as 1127. Finally, an embassy was sent to Count Fulk V of Anjou in late 1127 or early 1128 to negotiate his marriage to Melisende. The young Ioveta was sent to a nunnery.[15] Consequently, the ruling families of three out of the four crusader states were "infused ... with Armenian blood".[5]
Melisende, who became queen in 1131, was influenced by Morphia's Greek Orthodox faith.[16] The Melisende Psalter, which combines Western and Byzantine styles, is an example of artistic hybridization in the crusader states that resulted from the contact and intermarriage between native Christians and European newcomers.[4]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hamilton 1978, p. 147.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 295.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 36.
- ^ a b Hodgson 2010, p. 83.
- ^ a b Hodgson 2010, p. 88.
- ^ Hodgson 2010, p. 89.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 39.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 145.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 147-148.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 144.
- ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 146, 154.
- ^ a b c d e f Hamilton 1978, p. 148.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 155.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 389.
- ^ a b Mayer 1994, p. 140.
- ^ a b Hamilton 1980, p. 171.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1952, p. 163.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 171.
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 173.
- ^ Hamilton & Jotischky 2020, p. 177.
- ^ a b Mayer 1994, p. 139.
- ^ a b Mayer 1994, p. 873.
References
edit- Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300189315.
- Hamilton, Bernard (1978). "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem". In Derek Baker (ed.). Medieval Women. Ecclesiastical History Society. ISBN 0631125396.
- Hamilton, Bernard (1980). The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Variorum Publications. ISBN 0860780724.
- Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (2020). Derek Baker (ed.). Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521836388.
- Hodgson, Natasha (2010). "Conflicts and Cohabitation: Marriage and Diplomacy between Latins and Cilician Armenians, c. 1097–1253". In Conor Kostick (ed.). The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136902475.
- Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1994). Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Variorum Collected Studies. ISBN 0860784169.
- Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0241298768.