Wikipedia

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

(Redirected from President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo)

In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Macaraeg, the birth surname or paternal family name is Macapagal, and the marital name is Arroyo.

Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (Tagalog: [ˈɡloɾja makapaˈɡal ʔaˈɾojo]; born April 5, 1947[3]), often referred to as PGMA or GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. She is the longest-serving president since Ferdinand Marcos. Before her presidency, she was the 10th vice president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 under President Joseph Estrada, becoming the first female vice president. She was also a senator from 1992 to 1998. After her presidency, she was elected as the representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in 2010 and continues to serve in this role. She also served as the speaker of the House from 2018 to 2019, and as deputy speaker from 2016 to 2017 and 2022 to 2023. Alongside former president Sergio Osmeña, she is one of only two Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices: vice president, president, and house speaker.[4]

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Arroyo in 2006
14th President of the Philippines
In office
January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010
Vice President
Preceded byJoseph Estrada
Succeeded byBenigno Aquino III
10th Vice President of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001
PresidentJoseph Estrada
Preceded byJoseph Estrada
Succeeded byTeofisto Guingona Jr.
21st Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
In office
July 23, 2018 – June 30, 2019
Preceded byPantaleon Alvarez
Succeeded byAlan Peter Cayetano
Secretary of National Defense
Officer in Charge
November 30, 2006 – February 1, 2007
PresidentHerself
Preceded byAvelino Cruz
Succeeded byHermogenes Ebdane
Acting
September 1, 2003 – October 2, 2003
PresidentHerself
Preceded byAngelo Reyes
Succeeded byEduardo Ermita
21st Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
In office
June 30, 1998 – October 12, 2000
PresidentJoseph Estrada
Preceded byLilian Laigo
Succeeded byDulce Saguisag
Senator of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998[a]
Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
In office
July 25, 2022 – May 17, 2023
Serving with several others
House SpeakerMartin Romualdez
Succeeded byAurelio Gonzales Jr.
In office
August 15, 2016 – March 15, 2017
Serving with several others
House SpeakerPantaleon Alvarez
Preceded byRoberto Puno
Succeeded byLinabelle Villarica
Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
In office
May 17, 2023 – November 7, 2023
Serving with several others
Preceded byAurelio Gonzales Jr.
Succeeded byTonypet Albano
Member of the House of Representatives from Pampanga's 2nd district
Incumbent
Assumed office
June 30, 2022
Preceded byMikey Arroyo
In office
June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2019
Preceded byMikey Arroyo
Succeeded byMikey Arroyo
Presidential Adviser on Clark Flagship Programs and Projects
In office
November 26, 2020 – October 4, 2021
PresidentRodrigo Duterte
Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry
In office
1987–1992
PresidentCorazon Aquino
Chair of the Lakas–CMD
In office
2008–2009
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byGilbert Teodoro
Personal details
Born
Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal

(1947-04-05) April 5, 1947 (age 77)
Manila, Philippines
Political partyLakas–CMD (2008–2017; 2020–present)[1]
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
(m. 1968)​
Children3, including Mikey and Dato
Parents
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician
Profession
  • Economist
  • professor
Signature

Arroyo is the first president to succeed the presidency as the child of a previous president; her father was Diosdado Macapagal, the country's ninth president from 1961 to 1965.[5] She studied economics at Georgetown University in the United States, where she became friends with her classmate and future U.S. president Bill Clinton.[6] She then became a professor of economics at the Ateneo de Manila University, where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was one of her students. She entered government in 1987 as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry under President Corazon Aquino, Benigno's mother.

After Estrada was accused of corruption, Arroyo resigned from her cabinet position as secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and joined the opposition against the president. Estrada was ousted by the Second EDSA Revolution in 2001, and Arroyo was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. on January 20. The Oakwood mutiny occurred in 2003 during her administration.[7][8] She was elected to a full six-year term in the controversial 2004 presidential election and was sworn in on June 30, 2004. A long-time opponent of the death penalty,[9] she abolished capital punishment in 2006 after commuting the death sentences of over 1,200 prisoners.[10][11]

On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was arrested and held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on charges of electoral sabotage[12][13] but released on bail in July 2012. These charges were later dropped for lack of evidence. She was rearrested in October 2012 on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds.[14] She was given hospital arrest due to life-threatening health conditions.[15] During the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, the Supreme Court acquitted her by a vote of 11–4.[16] Also, the Supreme Court declared the Department of Justice's 'hold departure orders' unconstitutional.[17][18] Arroyo's lawyers stated afterward that she no longer needed her medical paraphernalia.[19]

Arroyo is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language[20] and supported the teaching of Spanish in the country's education system during her presidency.[21]

Early life

edit

Arroyo was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5, 1947, in San Juan, Rizal, Philippines, to lawyer Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina Guico Macaraeg Macapagal. She is the sister of Diosdado "Boboy" Macapagal Jr. She has two older siblings from her father's first marriage with Purita de la Rosa, the sister of Rogelio de la Rosa,[22] Arturo Macapagal and Cielo Macapagal Salgado.[3][23] She was raised mostly in Lubao, Pampanga and during summer vacations, she lived with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City.[3][24]

She moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila when her father became president. A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro. She attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. where she was a classmate of future United States president Bill Clinton.[25] She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College San Lorenzo graduating magna cum laude in 1968.

Personal life

edit

In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental.[3] They have three children: including Juan Miguel (born 1969), [26] and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria (born 1974). She received a master's degree in economics at the Ateneo de Manila University (1978) and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman (1985).[27] From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in several schools, including the University of the Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College.[28][better source needed]

In 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as assistant secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to undersecretary two years later. In her concurrent position as executive director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s.[citation needed]

Senator (1992–1998)

edit

Arroyo entered politics in the 1992 election, running for senator. At the first general election under the 1987 Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term.[29] Arroyo ranked 13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in 1995, topping the senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes.

As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act.[3] The 1995 Mining Act, which allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come under fire from left-wing political groups.[citation needed] Arroyo was also openly against the implementation of capital punishment in the country, advocating instead for better criminal rehabilitation during her time as Senator.[9]

Vice presidency (1998–2001)

edit

Arroyo considered a run for the presidency in the 1998 election, but was persuaded by President Fidel V. Ramos and leaders of the administration party Lakas-NUCD to instead seek the vice-presidency as the running mate of its presidential candidate, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr.[30] Though the latter lost to popular former actor Joseph Estrada, Arroyo won the vice presidency by a large margin, garnering more than twice the votes of her closest opponent, Estrada's running mate Senator Edgardo Angara.[31]

Arroyo began her term as vice president on June 30, 1998, becoming the first female to hold the post. She was appointed by Estrada to a concurrent position in the cabinet as secretary of social welfare and development.[30] As vice president, she was noted by political observers to continuously take a neutral stance on issues facing the government.[32]

Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October 2000, distancing herself from Estrada, who was accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson, Governor of Ilocos Sur.[33] She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada,[34] but eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation.[33]

Presidency (2001–2010)

edit
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

First term (2001–2004)

edit
 
Arroyo in 2001

Succession

edit

The last quarter of 2000 up to the first week of January 2001 was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Joseph Estrada. With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to the streets in masses to continue the clamor for President Estrada's resignation. From January 17 to 20, 2001, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution. The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known as EDSA II. Officials of the administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), the latter led by Panfilo Lacson, also withdrew their support for President Estrada.

 
Arroyo displayed on a New Design series two hundred-peso banknote, being sworn in as president by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in January 2001

Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers and allies questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court, with Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago among the more outspoken politicians to call for his reinstatement as president.[35][36] Estrada reiterated that he had not officially resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity. The high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him.

In the last week of April 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada, for plunder charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at the EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of 1986 and January 2001.[37]

Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada. Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement of the former. On May 1, 2001, they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted when the protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested.[38] The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency.

Corruption charges and Oakwood Mutiny

edit
Main article: Oakwood mutiny

The Oakwood mutiny occurred in the Philippines on July 27, 2003. A group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros"[39] led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration, believing that the president was going to declare martial law.

2004 presidential election

edit
Presidential styles of
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
 
Reference styleHer Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
Alternative styleMadam President

Article VII Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution explicitly states that the president of the Philippines can only serve for one term. However, the same provision also implicitly states that a president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency. Although Arroyo fell under this category, she initially announced on December 29, 2002, that she would not seek the presidency in 2004. She emphasized that she would devote her remaining months in office to serving the people and improving the economy of the Philippines.[40]

In October 2003, Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she will run in the May 2004 presidential elections and seek a direct mandate from the people. She explained, "There is a higher cause — to change society...in a way that flourishes our future".[41] With her decision, the initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor.

As predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised.[42] On June 23, 2004, Congress proclaimed Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively.

Second term (2004–2010)

edit
Main article: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 2004 presidential campaign

2004 presidential election rigging allegations

edit
 
Arroyo taking her Oath of Office for a full term as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in Cebu City on June 30, 2004.

On June 30, 2004, in a break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila.[43] She then departed for Cebu City for her oath taking,[44] the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon.

Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May 2004 elections. In a press conference held on June 10, 2005, Samuel Ong, former deputy director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) claimed to have audio recordings of wiretapped conversations between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).[45] Virgilio Garcillano, a former COMELEC commissioner, would later be identified as the official talking to Arroyo.[46] According to Ong, the recordings allegedly proved that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against Poe.[47]

The recordings of Ong became known as the Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo. Key members of her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, 2005, Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly.[48] Arroyo did not resign despite the pressures coming from various sectors of society.

The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in 2005;[49] attempts to impeach Arroyo failed later that year.[50] Another impeachment case was filed against Arroyo in 2006 but was also defeated at the House of Representatives.[51][52]

In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguia's complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from Malacañang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice.

2006 State of emergency

edit
Main article: 2006 state of emergency in the Philippines
 
Arroyo with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, June 9, 2009

On February 24, 2006, a plot to take over the government was uncovered by authorities, allegedly headed by Gen. Danilo Lim and other rightist military adventurists. General Lim and some of his men were arrested.[53] To face the threat posed by enemies of the state, Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017 and used it as basis in declaring a state of emergency throughout the Philippines. According to Arroyo, this declaration was done to quell the military rebellion, stop lawless violence, and promote peace and stability.[54][55] Presidential Proclamation 1017 also empowered the government to enforce warrantless arrests and take over strategic private utilities companies.[56] Several members of the Senate, including Franklin Drilon, Francis Pangilinan, and Pia Cayetano, condemned the proclamation as it contravenes "the fundamental guarantees of the Constitution, particularly the basic civil liberties enshrined therein."[57]

The state of emergency existed for about one week with the purpose of curbing further violence, illegal rallies, and public disturbance throughout the Philippines. The police and the military dispersed demonstrators and protesters, especially those along EDSA. Aside from General Lim, prominent personalities were also arrested in connection with their alleged participation in the attempt to overthrow the government.[53][55]

Presidential Proclamation 1017 was lifted on March 3, 2006, but members of the opposition, private lawyers, and concerned citizens challenged its constitutionality before the Supreme Court.[58] On May 4, the high court declared the proclamation constitutional; however, it also ruled it was illegal for the government to implement warrantless arrests and seize private institutions and companies.[59]

Charter change

edit

Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal parliamentary government with a unicameral legislature.[60]

 
Arroyo with U.S. President George W. Bush, May 19, 2003

K–12 implementation process

edit

After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, 2008 during the Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on the quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects. It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in the number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards.[61]

On January 7, 2010, senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted the position of SB 2294; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs."[62][63]

Economy

edit
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo § Economy

Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the Philippine economy the focus of her presidency. Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the Arroyo administration, expanding every quarter of her presidency.[64] This is higher than in the administrations of her three immediate predecessors, Corazon Aquino (3.8%), Fidel Ramos (3.7%), and Joseph Estrada (3.7%).[65] The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%.[66] The economy was one of the few to avoid contraction during the 2008 global financial crisis, faring better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a growing business process outsourcing industry.[64] Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former US president Bill Clinton, who cited her "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.[67] Despite this growth, the poverty rate remained stagnant due to uneven distribution of income.

A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda, was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit.[68] Her administration originally set a target to balance the national budget by 2010. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso, making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005–06.[69] The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it one of Asia's better performing currencies for that year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy.[70]

Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.

 
Arroyo with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, February 17, 2009

Domestic policies

edit
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo § Domestic policies

Foreign policies

edit
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo § Foreign Policies
 
Arroyo with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, January 28, 2002

Administration and cabinet

edit
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo § Administration and cabinet

Public perception

edit
 
Social Weather Stations quarterly public opinion polling of the net satisfaction rating of President Arroyo

The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking the net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo. She began her presidency in the first quarter of 2001 with a net satisfaction rating of +24. Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of 2003, making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in 2004, in time for the presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term. However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of 2004, and has remained negative since, dipping as low as −38 in the second quarter of 2008. Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of 2009 was −32.[71]

 
Arroyo at the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland in January 31, 2009

Post-presidency (2010–present)

edit

House of Representatives (2010–2019)

edit

In November 2009, Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 2nd district of Pampanga, making her the second Philippine president – after Jose P. Laurel – to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency.[72] A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the COMELEC for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court.[73] With little serious competition, she was elected to Congress in May 2010 with a landslide victory.[74] After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III, she headed straight to San Fernando, Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman.[75]

Despite being considered the strongest contender for speaker of the House, Arroyo declined to seek the position, hoping instead to take on a role similar to Sonia Gandhi, who was influential as merely the head of her party.[76] On her first day as a lawmaker, Arroyo and her son Dato filed a resolution calling for Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose amendments to the existing constitution.[77]

While still confined in the Veterans Memorial Medical Center for hospital arrest, Arroyo successfully earned a second term as congresswoman for Pampanga's second congressional district at the conclusion of the 2013 Philippine mid-term elections on May 13, 2013, defeating the ruling Liberal Party's Vivian Dabu, who was the provincial administrator under former Governor Ed Panlilio.[78] She was re-elected in 2016 for her third consecutive term, running unopposed.

2011 spinal surgery

edit

In early 2011, Arroyo was diagnosed with cervical spondylosis or cervical radiculopathy. She was rushed to the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig on July 25, 2011, minutes after the State of the Nation Address by Benigno Aquino III.[79] Doctors performed a five-hour spine surgery on July 29, 2011.[80] Two more surgeries occurred in August 2011, which aggravated her hypoparathyroidism. The House of Representatives, under the leadership of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr., issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order.[81]

2011 hospital arrest

edit

Arroyo was arrested on November 18, 2011, after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the COMELEC.[82] The arrest warrant was served at the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig where Arroyo had been confined.[83][84] Days earlier, the Supreme Court had issued a resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from the Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas.[85]

She was transferred to the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on December 9, 2011.[12][13] Arroyo was released from hospital arrest on bail on July 25, 2012.[86]

On October 29, 2012, she refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her term in office.[87] As of December 2013, she was still in custody at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center.[88] On July 19, 2016, the Supreme Court dismissed the corruption charges and ordered her release from the hospital where she had been detained since 2011.[89]

2014 medical problems and reapplication for bail

edit

Arroyo was transported to St. Luke's Medical Center for tests and treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center after medical incidents in May and June 2014.[90][91][92] In June, after the second of these incidents, her attorneys renewed application for bail.[93] In September, a third medical incident caused her to be again rushed to St. Luke's for treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center.[94]

2015 United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention

edit

In a case filed by human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared Arroyo's hospital detention arbitrary and violative of the international law on human rights. It recognized that the charges against Arroyo were politically motivated since she was detained as a result of her exercise to take part in government and that the detention was arbitrary and illegal under international law because the Sandiganbayan court failed to take into account her individual circumstances when it repeatedly denied her bail.[95]

2016 Supreme Court acquittal

edit

On July 19, 2016, a few weeks after Duterte was sworn in as president, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the dismissal of plunder case against Arroyo, gathering a vote of 11–4 which was read by spokesperson Theodore Te.[96][97]

Supreme Court decision on Arroyo's motion to dismiss plunder case
In Favor (11) Opposed (4)

She would later be assigned by Duterte's party, PDP-Laban, as a high-level member of the House of Representatives[98] after winning her third term as congresswoman in the House. She was given committee chairmanships, among many other roles.[99]

Speaker of the House (2018–2019)

edit
 
House Speaker Arroyo, Chinese President Xi Jinping (center), and Senate President Tito Sotto during a joint call of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives on November 21, 2018

Arroyo was elected as the first female speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.[100] The election pushed through on July 23, 2018, due to a controversial[101] majority manifesto and vote that ousted Pantaleon Alvarez. In August 2018, amid rumors that she was gunning to become prime minister under a proposed federal government, which she was advocating in the House, Arroyo stated that she will retire from politics and would not pursue any position after the May 2019 elections.[102]

In January 2019, her speakership passed a House bill which lowered the criminal liability to twelve years old.[103][104] She had a net satisfaction rating of −4 in September 2018, which further dropped to −21 in January 2019, becoming one of the most unpopular House speakers in Philippine history.[105] Her leadership also spearheaded the changing of House rules in relation to Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALNs), requiring a ₱300 fee for access, which amounts to ₱87,300 for the SALNs of all 291 members of the House of Representatives, making it difficult for the poor to monitor corruption in the House.[106]

In February 2019, Senator Panfilo Lacson accused Arroyo of adding an additional pork barrel of ₱60–160 million in the national budget.[107]

Political retirement

edit

Arroyo, although not holding any elective position, has been participating as a member of Lakas–CMD. As of June 2019, she is working on a memoir narrating her experiences as president, which she plans on limiting to 200 pages for consumption by the general public.[108]

On November 26, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte appointed Arroyo as presidential adviser on Clark programs and projects.[109]

House of Representatives (2022–present)

edit
 
Official portrait of Arroyo during the 19th Congress

Arroyo came out of retirement to seek a comeback to the House of Representatives in 2022, running unopposed for the 2nd district of Pampanga.[110] Her legal counsel, Peter Paul Magalang, filed the certificate of candidacy on her behalf.[111] She has declared support to the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos for president and new Lakas party-mate Sara Duterte for vice president.[112][113] She also joined the caravans and campaign sorties of their UniTeam Alliance.[114][115]

On May 10, 2022, Arroyo was proclaimed as representative of the 2nd district of Pampanga, succeeding her son Mikey once again for a fourth nonconsecutive term.[116] Although she assumed office on June 30, 2022,[117] she took her oath of office on May 26 in Lubao[118] and on June 13 before outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacañang Palace.[119] Arroyo said she will join her fellow representatives in passing the legislative agenda of the administration of President Bongbong Marcos and will continue to push for projects aligned with the Pampanga Megalopolis program.[118] She initially aimed to regain the House speakership in the 19th Congress, soon after Marcos was elected, but later rescinded after realizing that Marcos wanted his cousin and her Lakas partymate, Rep. Martin Romualdez (Leyte–1st), to become the next House Speaker.[120] She instead endorsed the speakership bid of Romualdez.[121]

On July 25, 2022, Arroyo was named as Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives under the new speakership of Martin Romualdez in the 19th Congress.[122]

 
Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte (left), Philippine President Bongbong Marcos (right), and Arroyo (second from right) during a bilateral meeting in Brussels in December 2022

Arroyo became part of President Bongbong Marcos's delegation member of his international trips beginning on his working visit to Thailand in November 2022 for the 2022 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.[123] She has also joined him in his visits to Belgium,[124] China,[125] Davos in Switzerland,[126] Japan,[127] the United States,[128] and Indonesia.[129] Marcos also described her as his "secret weapon."[130]

Her only daughter, Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo-Bernas, was made the country's ambassador to Austria in December 2022. She defended accusations of nepotism noting her daughter's qualifications.[131]

On May 17, 2023, she was demoted by the House leadership from senior deputy speaker to a regular deputy speaker to unburden her heavy workload that came with the title. She switched places with fellow Pampanga Representative Aurelio Gonzales Jr. of the 3rd district.[132] Later on November 7, 2023, she was expelled by the House from her position as a deputy house speaker, after she failed to support a resolution that aimed to uphold the House's "dignity, integrity and independence" and to support the speakership of Martin Romualdez, as she was abroad when it was signed.[133] This followed the criticism from her political ally, former President Rodrigo Duterte, who objected the House's decision to reallocate the confidential funds originally for the offices of his daughter, Vice President and concurrent Education Secretary Sara Duterte. Arroyo was replaced by Representative Tonypet Albano (Isabela–1st).[134]

Arroyo is running unopposed for re-election as Pampanga's 2nd district representative in 2025.[135]

Scouting

edit

Arroyo was the second chief girl scout of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines.[136][137]

Approval ratings

edit

In July 2008, the Social Weather Stations (SWS) said that Arroyo registered a net satisfaction rating of minus 38 in a survey conducted in the last week of June, making her the most unpopular president in the country since democracy was restored in 1986.[138]

SWS Net satisfaction ratings of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (March 2001–June 2010)[139][140]
Date Rating
Mar 2001 +24
Apr 2001 +17
May 2001 +18
Jul 2001 +16
Sep 2001 +15
Nov 2001 +27
Mar 2002 +16
May 2002 +4
Aug 2002 +28
Sep 2002 +18
Nov 2002 +6
Mar 2003 −14
Jun 2003 +14
Sep 2003 +2
Nov 2003 −3
Jan 2004 +8
Feb 2004 +15
Mar 2004 +30
Jun 2004 +26
Aug 2004 +12
Oct 2004 −6
Dec 2004 −5
Mar 2005 −12
May 2005 −33
Aug 2005 −23
Dec 2005 −30
Mar 2006 −25
Jun 2006 −13
Sep 2006 −11
Nov 2006 −13
Feb 2007 −4
Jun 2007 −3
Sep 2007 −11
Dec 2007 −16
Mar 2008 −26
Jun 2008 −38
Jul 2008 −50
Sep 2008 −27
Dec 2008 −24
Feb 2009 −32
Jun 2009 −34
Sep 2009 −38
Dec 2009 −38
Mar 2010 −53
Jun 2010 −17
Average −7

Honors and awards

edit

Foreign honors

edit

Honorary degrees

edit

Recognitions

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Original term until June 30, 2001; resigned on June 30, 1998, to sit as Vice President.

References

edit
  1. ^ Cepeda, Mara (March 9, 2020). "Arroyo, De Venecia reunite as Lakas-CMD vow to 'win' members back". Rappler. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  2. ^ Rosario, Ben (October 11, 2017). "Gloria joins ruling PDP Laban". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo". Current Biography International Yearbook 2004. The H. W. Wilson Company. Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  4. ^ "NEW SPEAKER? Gloria takes seat at House rostrum, Alvarez welcomes Duterte". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  5. ^ "GMA sets unique records among former presidential children". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  6. ^ "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Biography, Achievements, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  7. ^ "Microsoft Word - TF Philippine Flag 2003-12.doc" (PDF). Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  8. ^ "THE DAILY TRIBUNE On the Web!". Daily Tribune. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  9. ^ a b "Death penalty a dud?". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. February 5, 1996. p. 7. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  10. ^ "Philippines bans death penalty". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. June 24, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  11. ^ "Philippines: Largest ever commutation of death sentences". Amnesty International. April 19, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Arroyo arrives at VMMC". SunStar. December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  13. ^ a b Kathrina Alvarez (January 18, 2012). "Corona revealed bias vs President: Aquino ally". SunStar. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  14. ^ Whaley, Floyd (October 4, 2012). "Philippines Ex-President Is Arrested in Hospital on New Charges". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  15. ^ Paterno Esmaquel II. "GMA's 'life-threatening condition' revealed". Rappler.
  16. ^ "SC upholds Arroyo's plunder acquittal with finality". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  17. ^ "SC: DOJ's watch list order unconstitutional". Philstar.com. April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  18. ^ "SC declares DOJ 'hold departure orders' unconstitutional". Inquirer. April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  19. ^ "Former President Arroyo's neck brace not needed 24/7 – lawyer". cnn. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  20. ^ "El director de la RAE preside en Manila una sesión de la Academia Filipina". Real Academia Española (in Spanish). July 6, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  21. ^ Ronda, Rainier Allan (December 13, 2007). "Spanish to be Restored in College Curriculum". Philstar Global. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  22. ^ "Diosdado Macapagal". April 21, 2011.
  23. ^ Philippine Electoral Almanac (Revised and Expanded ed.). Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. p. 216. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  24. ^ Spaeth, Anthony (January 29, 2001). "Glory, Gloria!". Time. Archived from the original on June 5, 2001. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  25. ^ "Gloria Arroyo, The Most Powerful Women". Forbes. November 1, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  26. ^ Dacanay, Barbie May (November 6, 2008). "President Arroyo's daughter marries". Gulf News. Manila. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  27. ^ "President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Biography". Office of the President. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  28. ^ Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (2002). The power and the glory: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and her presidency. Presidential Book Series. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines: J. Kriz Pub. Enterprises. p. 20. ISBN 978-971-93072-2-8.
  29. ^ "Article 18: Transitory Provisions". The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  30. ^ a b Malaya, J. Eduardo; Malaya, Jonathan E. (2004). ...So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses. Pasig: Anvil Publishing. pp. 301–303. ISBN 971-27-1487-X.
  31. ^ "Results of the Past Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections". The Philippine Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  32. ^ Lopez, Antonio (December 17, 1999). "The Lady-In- Waiting". Asiaweek. Manila: Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  33. ^ a b G.R. No. 146710-15 (March 2, 2001), Estrada v. Arroyo, archived from the original on December 31, 2004
  34. ^ Mydans, Seth (October 13, 2000). "Philippine Vice President Quits Cabinet, Citing Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  35. ^ Avendaño, Christine; Cueto, Donna S.; Ubac, Michael Lim; Bordadora, Norman; Herrera, Christine; Rivera, Blanche (January 21, 2001). "Erap out, Gloria in: New President vows leadership by example". Philippine Daily Inquirer. The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. p. 1. Retrieved March 26, 2024. The new President, the country's 14th said she decided to take her oath even without Estrada's formal resignation after being informed by [Hilario] Davide [Jr.] that her succession was legal.
  36. ^ Avendaño, Christine (January 24, 2001). "2 senators hit Lee comment on Edsa 2". Philippine Daily Inquirer. The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved March 26, 2024. Santiago said Macapagal's succession climaxed by her oath-taking at the Edsa Shrine, was illegal under the present Constitution[...]
  37. ^ Clapano, Jose Rodel; Laude, Jaime; Alquitran, Non (April 26, 2001). "Estrada jailed for plunder". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  38. ^ Landler, Mark (May 1, 2001). "Philippine President Declares State of Rebellion in Manila". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  39. ^ Laurel, Herman T (February 22, 2006). "Small setback..." The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
  40. ^ Ressa, Maria (December 29, 2002). "Arroyo: I won't run for president in 2004". CNN. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  41. ^ "Speech of President Arroyo during the Pampanga Senior Citizens Congress/Multisectoral Program and formal declaration to run in the May 2004 elections". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 4, 2003. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  42. ^ "Election officials: Arroyo narrowly wins term". NBC News. Associated Press. May 24, 2004. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  43. ^ "Second Inaugural Address of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, June 30, 2004". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. June 30, 2004. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  44. ^ Conde, Carlos H. (July 1, 2004). "Philippine Leader Promises to Create More Jobs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  45. ^ Toms, Sarah (June 15, 2005). "Man charged over Philippine tapes". BBC News. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  46. ^ Laude, Jaime; Alquitran, Non (June 16, 2005). "Ong kicked out of seminary for being a Mason?". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  47. ^ "In the Philippines, people prepare for yet another coup". Taipei Times. June 12, 2005. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  48. ^ Calica, Aurea; Romero, Paolo (June 28, 2005). "GMA: I'm sorry, it's me on tape". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  49. ^ Conde, Carlos H. (June 28, 2005). "Arroyo admits to 'lapse' during election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  50. ^ "Impeachment charges against Arroyo dropped". China Daily. Associated Press. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on March 1, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  51. ^ "Philippines quashes Arroyo impeachment case". NBC News. Associated Press. August 16, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  52. ^ "Impeachment 2005 and 2006: How the congressmen voted". The PCIJ Blog. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  53. ^ a b Javellana-Santos, Julie (March 19, 2006). "Court-Martial Sought for Philippine General Over Alleged Coup Plot". Arab News. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  54. ^ "Philippines In State Of Emergency". CBS News. February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  55. ^ a b Walsh, Bryan (February 24, 2006). "Inside the Philippines Coup Plot". Time. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  56. ^ "Proclamation No. 1017, Proclamation Declaring a State of Emergency". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. February 24, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  57. ^ "Senate condemns illegal acts under Proclamation 1017". Senate of the Philippines. February 27, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  58. ^ "Senators want probe of PP 1017". GMA News Online. March 3, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  59. ^ "G.R. No. 171409". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. May 3, 2006. Summation. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  60. ^ Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira (July 27, 2006). "People's support for Charter change 'nowhere to go but up'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2006.
  61. ^ "Roxas Files Omnibus Education Reform Act" (Press release). Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  62. ^ Isagani Cruz (January 7, 2010). "Noynoy vs Gibo on education". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  63. ^ "Aquino Unveils Agenda for Philippine Education System" (Press release). Senate of the Philippines. February 11, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  64. ^ a b "Philippines". CIA World Factbook. March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  65. ^ Abaya, Antonio C. "GMA's successes". Manila Standard Today. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008.
  66. ^ "Philippines Economy Profile 2008". Indexmundi.com. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  67. ^ "Arroyo shares spotlight with global leaders in forum". INQUIRER.net. October 11, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  68. ^ Conde, Carlos H. (July 4, 2005). "Arroyo facing a dilemma after voiding of new tax". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  69. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Philippines". cia.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  70. ^ "Pacific Newsletter". Archived from the original on December 18, 2007.
  71. ^ "Social Weather Stations". Sws.org.ph. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  72. ^ Maragay, Dino (November 30, 2009). "GMA gunning for House seat". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  73. ^ Edu Punay; Marvin Sy; Delon Porcalla; Ric Sapnu (February 24, 2010). "It's final: GMA can run for House seat". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012.
  74. ^ "Regional Election Results Tally: PAMPANGA". GMA News and Public Affairs. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  75. ^ Dreo Calonzo (June 30, 2010). "Arroyo takes oath of office as Pampanga rep". GMA News and Public Affairs. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  76. ^ Genalyn Kabiling; Ben Rosario (May 19, 2010). "Arroyo not interested in House Speakership". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  77. ^ Paolo Romero (July 2, 2010). "GMA, son Dato file Cha-cha resolution". Philippine Star. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  78. ^ Dacanay, Barbara Mae (May 14, 2013). "Marcos and Arroyo win in Philippine polls". Gulf News. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  79. ^ "GMA suffers from Cervical Spondylosis; what is it?". Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  80. ^ "Arroyo sons arrive at hospital hours before surgery". Gma News Online. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  81. ^ Pañares, Joyce Pangco; Araneta, Macon-Ramos. "Malacañang says Arroyo free to leave, not come back". Archived from the original on December 26, 2011.
  82. ^ Matikas Santos (November 18, 2011). "Warrant of arrest served on Arroyo". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  83. ^ "Former Philippine president Arroyo arrested". Channel NewsAsia. Agence France-Presse. November 18, 2011. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  84. ^ "Philippines ex-leader Gloria Arroyo arrested for fraud". BBC News. November 18, 2011.
  85. ^ Edu Pinay (November 15, 2011). "SC allows Arroyo treatment abroad". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012.
  86. ^ Shibani Mahtani (July 25, 2012). "Ex-Philippine Leader Released". The Wall Street Journal. Manila. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  87. ^ "Ex-Philippine Leader Pleads Not Guilty to Plunder". Associated Press. October 29, 2012.
  88. ^ "Visiting Gloria Arroyo? Here are the rules". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  89. ^ Whaley, Floyd (July 19, 2016). "Philippines Clears Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Ex-President, of Graft Charges". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  90. ^ "Arroyo rushed to St. Luke's hospital due to bladder problems". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 3, 2014.
  91. ^ "Gloria Arroyo back in VMMC after medical procedure at St. Luke's". GMA News. May 2, 2014.
  92. ^ "Arroyo rushed to St. Luke's hospital due to bladder problems". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 3, 2014.
  93. ^ "Gloria Arroyo asks Sandiganbayan anew to grant her bail in PCSO plunder case". GMA News. July 2, 2014.
  94. ^ "Arroyo chokes on broccoli stem". September 22, 2014.
  95. ^ "UN body: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's detention arbitrary, illegal". Inquire.net. Inquirer. October 8, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  96. ^ "Supreme Court rules to free former President Arroyo". CNN Philippines. July 18, 2016. Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  97. ^ "Supreme Court votes to free Arroyo". The Manila Times. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  98. ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (August 10, 2016). "Arroyo now a deputy speaker". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  99. ^ Reganit, Jose Cielito (August 9, 2017). "House replaces Arroyo as deputy speaker". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  100. ^ Cepeda, Mara (July 23, 2018). "Alvarez out, Arroyo in as House Speaker". Rappler.
  101. ^ Bueza, Michael (July 23, 2018). "Gloria Arroyo's firsts as House Speaker". Rappler.
  102. ^ Cruz, RG; ABS-CBN News (August 30, 2018). "Arroyo says to retire from politics in 2019". ABS-CBN News.
  103. ^ "House OKs lowering crime liability age threshold to 12". philstar.com.
  104. ^ Tordesillas, Ellen (January 28, 2019). "OPINION – Gloria Arroyo: Astute as ever". ABS-CBN News.
  105. ^ Charm, Neil (January 15, 2019). "Arroyo falls to 'poor,' Robredo drops to 'moderate' in 4th Quarter SWS survey". BusinessWorld.
  106. ^ Cepeda, Mara (January 31, 2019). "New House rules make it harder to access lawmakers' SALNs". Rappler.
  107. ^ "Lacson: Pork barrel increase mula P60M-P160M kagagawan ni GMA". Abante TNT (in Filipino). February 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  108. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: ABS-CBN News (June 17, 2019). ANC Independence Series: Speaker Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | June 17, 2019. YouTube. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  109. ^ Parrocha, Azer (November 26, 2020). "Duterte appoints ex-president GMA as adviser for Clark". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  110. ^ Abuel, Dave; Annatu, Ciara (April 1, 2022). "Sure winners: 845 candidates running unopposed in 2022 polls". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  111. ^ Manabat, Joann (October 1, 2021). "Gloria Arroyo guns anew for representative of Pampanga 2nd District". Rappler. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  112. ^ Sarangay, Melvin (November 25, 2021). "Erap, GMA throw support behind Bongbong-Sara Uniteam". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  113. ^ "Former president GMA endorses Marcos-Duterte tandem". Philstar.com. April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  114. ^ Sagcal, Jerome; Espina-Varona, Inday (December 9, 2021). "Marcos, Duterte trade praises as Cavite supporters cheer unity calls". Rappler. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  115. ^ Ellera, Teresa (February 24, 2022). "Macapagal-Arroyo 'introduces' UniTeam to Negrenses". SunStar. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  116. ^ "Unchallenged Gloria Macapagal Arroyo set for fresh Congress seat". ABS-CBN News. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  117. ^ Orejas, Tonette (May 11, 2022). "Ex-president Arroyo proclaimed Pampanga congresswoman-elect". Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  118. ^ a b Flora, Ian (May 27, 2022). "Arroyo takes oath as 2nd district representative in Lubao town". SunStar. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  119. ^ Parrocha, Azer (June 14, 2022). "GMA, 37 other elected officials to take oath before Duterte". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  120. ^ De Leon, Dwight (May 19, 2023). "Gloria Arroyo denies ouster plot vs Speaker Romualdez". Rappler. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  121. ^ Quismoro, Ellison (May 18, 2022). "Arroyo doubles down on endorsement of Romualdez for House Speaker". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  122. ^ Jordan, Angellic (July 25, 2022). "Rep. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, itinalaga bilang House Senior Deputy Speaker" (in Filipino). Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  123. ^ Quismorio, Ellson (November 21, 2022). "Here's what Arroyo thinks of PBBM's first APEC". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  124. ^ Pedrajas, Joseph (December 9, 2022). "Ex-pres GMA to join Marcos in Belgium trip". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  125. ^ Cupin, Bea (January 3, 2023). "Marcos brings 'secret weapon' to 48-hour China visit". Rappler. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  126. ^ Cupin, Bea (January 21, 2023). "In Davos, Arroyo praises 'Western-educated' Marcos". Rappler. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  127. ^ Flores, Helen (February 8, 2023). "Marcos flies to Japan today". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  128. ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (May 1, 2023). "Marcos arrives in Washington for official visit". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  129. ^ Galvez, Daphne; Reyes, Dempsey (May 9, 2023). "Bongbong Marcos arrives in Indonesia for Asean Summit". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  130. ^ Unite, Betheena (November 20, 2022). "Marcos calls Arroyo his 'secret weapon'". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  131. ^ "Proud GMA says daughter Luli landed her job due to her own merits". Manila Bulletin. December 10, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  132. ^ Lalu, Gabriel (May 17, 2023). "Pampanga Rep. Gloria Arroyo replaced as senior deputy speaker". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  133. ^ "Arroyo assures admin of support after removal as deputy speaker". ABS-CBN News. November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  134. ^ Cruz, RG (November 7, 2023). "House removes Duterte ally Arroyo as deputy speaker". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  135. ^ "Certified List of Candidates (PROVINCIAL) - Pampanga" (PDF). COMELEC. November 2024. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
  136. ^ "Central Board". Girl Scouts of the Philippines. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010.
  137. ^ "Gloria is new Chief Girl Scout". The Philippine Star. May 27, 2001. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  138. ^ Gopalakrishnan, Raju; Norton, Jerry (July 18, 2008). "Manila's Arroyo most unpopular leader since 86: poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  139. ^ "Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 1 of 2)". Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  140. ^ "Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 2 of 2)". Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  141. ^ "Philippines, Brunei sign defence pact". Gulf News. August 23, 2001. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  142. ^ Merit Designs (May 4, 2011). "Presidente Fernandez condecora a ex presidenta de Filipinas, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo". presidencia.gob.do. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012.
  143. ^ "Arroyo arrives in Equatorial Guinea for 12-hour visit". GMA News Online. June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  144. ^ "PGMA gifts the Pope with a Santo Niño Dormido". cbcponline.net. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
  145. ^ "Filipino recipients of Japanese decorations and Japanese recipients of Philippine decorations". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  146. ^ "DECRET nr. 123 din 4 februarie 2002 privind conferirea Ordinului national Steaua Romaniei, in grad de Colan" (in Romanian). Monitorul Oficial. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  147. ^ "Real Decreto 1587/2007, de 30 de noviembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a Su Excelencia señora Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Presidenta de Filipinas" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  148. ^ "Filipino recipients of Spanish Decorations". Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  149. ^ "Curriculum Vitae – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo". Philippinecountry.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  150. ^ "History". Waseda University. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. 2002: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo becomes the third Philippines President to receive an honorary doctorate.
  151. ^ "Fordham University honorary degree for GMA". Philippine Headline News Online. May 22, 2003. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  152. ^ "Philippines' Arroyo to be honored at USF". San Francisco Gate. November 18, 2004. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  153. ^ "Famous Honorary Doctors". Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  154. ^ "Speech of President Arroyo during the Arrival Ceremonies after an Official Visit to Bangkok, Thailand". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. May 9, 2002. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  155. ^ Felongco, Gilbert (December 21, 2005). "Arroyo on Time list of 'People Who Mattered'". Gulf News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  156. ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women No. 4 Gloria Arroyo". Forbes. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  157. ^ "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo". Council of Women World Leaders. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  158. ^ Rodríguez Marcos, Javier (June 9, 2009). "Una lengua contra las fronteras". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  159. ^ Rodríguez Marcos, Javier (April 15, 2010). "Vargas Llosa y la presidenta de Filipinas reciben el Premio Don Quijote". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  160. ^ "About the Knights of Rizal". Knights of Rizal – Gomburza Ghent Chapter. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  161. ^ "250 professionals from 14 countries across the globe join RI's 9th Global Congress and Conferment Ceremony at Manila Hotel". Royal Institution Singapore. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo&oldid=1264066457"