Agonidae is a family of small, bottom-dwelling, cold-water marine fish. Common names for members of this family include poachers, Irish lords, sea ravens, alligatorfishes, starsnouts, hooknoses, and rockheads. They are notable for having elongated bodies covered by scales modified into bony plates, and for using their large pectoral fins to move in short bursts. The family includes about 59 species in some 25 genera, some of which are quite widespread.
| Agonidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Alligatorfish (Aspidophoroides monopterygius) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Suborder: | Cottoidei |
| Superfamily: | Cottoidea |
| Family: | Agonidae Swainson, 1839 |
| Subfamilies & genera[1] | |
|
See text | |
The pelvic fins are nearly vestigial, typically consisting of one small spine and a few rays. The swim bladder is not present.
At 42 centimetres (17 in) in length, the dragon poacher (Percis japonica) is the largest member of the family, while Bothragonus occidentalis is 7 cm (2.8 in) long as an adult; most are in the 20–30 cm range.
Agonidae species generally feed on small crustaceans and marine worms found on the bottom. Some species camouflage themselves with hydras, sponges, or seaweed. They live at 1,280 m (4,200 ft) deep, with only a few species preferring shallower, coastal waters. All but one species are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere.[2]
Taxonomy
editThe family Agonidae was first proposed as a family in 1839 by the English naturalist William John Swainson.[3] The Agonidae is classified within the superfamily Cottoidea in the suborder Cottoidei in the order Scorpaeniformes in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World[4] but other authorities states that if Scorpaeniformes is excluded from Perciformes then Perciformes is recovered as paraphyletic and so classify this family within the infraorder Cottales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes.[5] A number of taxa which were previously classified within the Cottidae were reclassified within the Agonidae which meant that the Cottidae was confined to the freshwater sculpins.[6]
Subfamilies and genera
editThe Agonidae is divided into the following subfamilies and genera:[4][3][7]
- Hemilepidontinae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
- Hemilepidotus Cuvier, 1829
- Hemitripterinae Gill, 1856
- Blepsias Cuvier, 1829
- Hemitripterus Cuvier, 1829
- Nautichthys Girard, 1858
- Bothragoninae Lindberg, 1971
- Bothragonus Gill, 1883
- Hypsagoninae Gill, 1861
- Agonomalus Guichenot, 1866
- Hypsagonus Gill, 1861
- Percis Scopoli, 1777
- Anoplagoninae Gill, 1861
- Anoplagonus Gill, 1861
- Aspidophoroides Lacépède, 1801
- Brachyopsinae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
- Agoninae Swainson, 1839
- Agonopsis Gill, 1861
- Agonus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
- Freemanichthys Kanayama, 1991
- Leptagonus Gill, 1861
- Podothecus Gill, 1861
- Sarritor Cramer, 1896
- Bathyagoninae Lindberg, 1971
- Bathyagonus Gilbert, 1890
- Odontopyxis Lockington, 1880
- Xeneretmus Gilbert, 1903
References
edit- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Agonidae". FishBase. December 2012 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William M. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ a b Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ W. Leo Smith & Morgan S. Busby (2014). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of sculpins, sandfishes, and snailfishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei) with comments on the phylogenetic significance of their early-life-history specializations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 332–352. Bibcode:2014MolPE..79..332S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.028. PMID 25014569.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Agonidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 December 2022.