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Albanian cuisine

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Albanian cuisine is a representative of the cuisine of the Mediterranean. It is also an example of the Mediterranean diet based on the importance of olive oil, fruits, vegetables and fish.[1] The cooking traditions of the Albanian people are diverse in consequence of the environmental factors that are more importantly suitable for the cultivation of nearly every kind of herbs, vegetables and fruits.[2] Olive oil is the most ancient and commonly used vegetable fat in Albanian cooking, produced since antiquity throughout the country particularly along the coasts.[3][4][5][6][7]

Hospitality is a fundamental custom of Albanian society and serving food is integral to the hosting of guests and visitors. It is not infrequent for visitors to be invited to eat and drink with locals. The medieval Albanian code of honor, called besa, resulted to look after guests and strangers as an act of recognition and gratitude.[8]

Albanian cuisine can be divided into three major regional cuisines.[9] The cuisine of the northern region has a rural, coastal and mountainous origin. Meat, fish and vegetables are central to the cuisine of the northern region. The people there use many kinds of ingredients that usually grow in the region, including potatoes, carrots, maize, beans, and cabbage, and also cherries, walnuts and almonds. Garlic and onions are as well important components to the local cuisine and added to almost every dish.

The cuisine of the central region is threefold of rural, mountainous and coastal. The central region is the flattest and rich in vegetation and biodiversity as well as culinary specialties. It has Mediterranean characteristics due to its proximity to the sea, which is rich in fish. Dishes here include several meat specialties and desserts of all kinds.

In the south, the cuisine is composed of two components: the rural products of the field including dairy products, citrus fruits and olive oil, and coastal products, i.e. seafood. Those regions are particularly conducive to raising animals, as pastures and feed resources are abundant.

Besides garlic, onions are arguably the country's most widely used ingredient.[10] Albania is ranked fifth in the world in terms of onion consumption per capita.[11][12]

History

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Characteristics and meals

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The location of Albania in the western Balkan Peninsula and on the Mediterranean Sea has a large influence on Albanian cuisine. Many foods that are common in the Mediterranean Basin, such as olives, wheat, chickpeas, dairy products, fish, fruits and vegetables, are prominent in the Albanian cooking tradition. Albania has a distinctly Mediterranean climate.[13] Across the country, a range of microclimates due to differing soil types and topography allows a variety of products to be grown. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons, figs and olives thrive.

 
Citrus fruits are mostly cultivated in the south of Albania.
 
Breakfast in Albania

Every region has its own typical breakfast. Breakfast is generally light. Bread is common, served with butter, cheese, jam and yogurt, and accompanied with olives, coffee, milk, tea or raki. Trahaná (tarhana) is also a common breakfast in many rural areas. It is common to have only fruit or a slice of bread and a cup of coffee or tea for breakfast. Coffee and tea are enjoyed both in homes and in cafés.[citation needed]

Lunch is traditionally the biggest meal of the day, for everyone from school children to shop workers and government officials. In the past, people went home to have lunch with their families, but it is now common to have lunch with friends at restaurants or cafeterias. Lunch sometimes consists of gjellë, a main dish of slowly cooked meat with various vegetables, accompanied by a salad of fresh vegetables, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, green peppers, onions and olives. Salads are typically served with meat dishes and are dressed with salt, olive oil, white vinegar or lemon juice. Grilled or fried vegetables and sausages and various forms of omelettes are also eaten. Common beverages are coffee, tea, fruit juices and milk.[citation needed]

Supper in Albania is a smaller meal, often consisting only of a variety of breads, meat, fresh fish or seafood, cheese, eggs and various kind of vegetables, similar to breakfast, or possibly sandwiches.[citation needed]

Ingredients

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Garlic is popular throughout the country.

Located in Southern Europe with a direct proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the Albanian cuisine features a wide range of fresh fruits, growing naturally in the fertile Albanian soil and under the warm sun. In consideration of being an agricultural country, Albania is a significant fruit importer and exporter.[14] Besides citrus fruits, cherries, strawberries, blueberries and raspberries are among the most cultivated fruits.[14] Many Albanians keep fruit trees in their yards. Fresh and dried fruits are eaten as snacks and desserts.

Fruits that are traditionally associated with Albanian cuisine include apple, grape, olive, orange, nectarine, blackberry, cherry, persimmon, pomegranate, figs, watermelon, avocado, lemon, peach, plum, strawberries, raspberry, mulberry and cornelian cherry.

 
Albanian olive gatherers by American artist John Singer Sargent.

A wide variety of vegetables are frequently used in Albanian cooking. Due to the different climate and soil conditions across Albania, cultivars of cabbages, turnips, beetroots, beans, potatoes, leeks and mushrooms can be found in a rich variety.[14] Dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions such as in the remote Albanian Alps, where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. Particularly used vegetables include onion, garlic, tomato, cucumber, carrot, pepper, spinach, lettuce, grape leaves, bean, eggplant and zucchini.

 
Oregano is among the most commonly used herbs in Albanian cuisine.

Herbs are very popular. A wide variety are readily available at supermarkets or local produce stands across the country. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the ideal climatic conditions allows the cultivation of about 250 aromatic and medical plants. Albania is among the leading producers and exporter of herbs in the world.[15] Further, the country is a worldwide significant producer of oregano, thyme, sage, salvia, rosemary and yellow gentian.[16][17] Most commonly used herbs and other seasonings in Albanian cooking include artichoke, basil, chili pepper, cinnamon, coriander, lavender, oregano, peppermint, rosemary, thyme, bay, vanilla, saffron.

Drinks

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Main article: Albanian wine
 
Mountain tea has a long tradition in Albania and is the most popular tea of the locals.

Tea is a widely consumed beverage throughout Albania and particularly served at cafés, restaurants or at home.[citation needed] The country is rich in the cultivation of a wide range of herbs. The most popular varieties of tea drinking in Albania include Albanian-style mountain tea, which grows in the Albanian mountains and villages, and Russian- and Turkish-style black tea with sugar to tea with lemon, milk or honey.[18][19]

Coffee is another popular beverage in Albania, but more particularly in the cities and villages. There are various varieties of coffee popular in Albania, such as espresso, cappuccino, macchiato, mocha and latte. As Albania was formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, coffee in the Turkish style is also common. Filter coffee and instant coffee are also available. Cafés are found everywhere in urban areas and function as meeting places for socializing and conducting business. Almost all serve baked goods and sandwiches and many also serve light meals. Tirana is particularly well known for its café culture.[20]

 
Cafes along Mustafa Matohiti St near Blloku district in central Tirana

In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain by becoming the country with the most coffee houses per capita in the world. In fact, there are 654 coffee houses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania, a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants.[citation needed]

Dhallë is a traditional and healthy yogurt-based drink in Albania made by blending yogurt with water or milk and spices. It is especially popular during the summer month and it may be served with salt, according to taste.[citation needed]

Boza is a malt drink made from maize (corn) and wheat which is widely consumed with desserts in Albania.

 
Grapes in Berat. Albanian wine is known for its local varieties and distinct sweetness.

Raki is the most popular spirit in Albania. It is considered as the national spirit beverage of the country.[21] The most common types of raki in the country are grape, plum or blackberry. It is commonly served to the older people and is heated and sweetened with honey or sugar, with added spices. Although in the south of the country, Raki rigoni is very popular among the people and is made of white oregano, that is cultivated in the region.

Albania is a traditionally wine drinking country. The people of Albania drink wine in moderation and almost always at meals or social occasions. Albanians drink about 5.83 liters of wine per person per year, which has been increasing since the Albanian production of high-quality wine grows to meet demand.[22] The origins of wine production in Albania can be traced back to 6,000 years and evidence suggesting wine production confirm that Albania is among the earliest wine producers in Europe.[23][24][25]

Pastries and desserts

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There is a strong tradition of home baking in the country and pâtisseries are present in every city and village across the country. Entirely Albanian desserts and pastries consist primarily of fruits including oranges and lemons that grow as well as in the country. Traditionally, fresh fruits are often eaten after a meal as a dessert. Those dishes are inspired from both Western and Eastern civilizations.[citation needed]

 
Baklava

Kanojët is a typical Sicilian pastry and very common among the Arbëreshë people, which brought that dish back into their homelands, Albania where it is popular[citation needed]. It is made of tube-shaped shells of fried pastry dough, filled with a sweet, creamy filling usually containing ricotta. The kanojët from Piana degli Albanesi, an Arbëreshë village, are often referred to be the best cannolo.

Baklava is made frequently in Albania, especially around certain religious holidays of Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox. It is prepared on large trays and cut into a variety of shapes. Baklava is either with hazelnuts or walnuts sweetened with syrup.

Petulla is a traditional fried dough made from wheat or buckwheat flour, which is as well a popular dish among the Albanians and served with powdered sugar or feta cheese and raspberry jam.

Pandispanjë is a traditional base for several Albanian desserts and cakes based on flour, sugar, butter and eggs. A variety of fillings are used, such as jelly, chocolate, fruit and pastry cream.

 
Blackberry jam

Ballokume is an Albanian cookie, which originated in Elbasan during the Middle Ages and prepared every year on Summer Day, a public holiday in the country. It has to be brewed in large copper pots, tightly whipped with a wooden spoon and baked in a wood oven.[citation needed]

Fruit jam, also known as reçel, is enjoyed all year in Albania and a major component of the Albanian cooking tradition. The fruit preserve is made by cooking the juice of the fruit or the fruit itself, which usually grow in Albania, with sugar. It is served to many dishes as a side dish.[citation needed]

Zupa is a popular dessert and assembled by alternating layers of cookies or sponge cake with pastry cream. Another similar dessert is an Albanian custard dessert called krem karamele, very similar to crème brûlée. This dessert is made with milk, cream, egg yolks, sugar, vanilla and flavored with orange or lemon zest and cinnamon.

 
Tambëloriz

Various kinds of hallvë are prepared across the country with some of the most common types being flour halva, although home-cooked semolina halva and shop-produced sesame halva are also consumed. It is a typical sweet in local religious fairs around Albania.[citation needed]

Tambëloriz, also known as sultjash, is a popular sweet among the Albanian population across the world. It is a kind of rice pudding made from milk, rice, cinnamon and nuts, raisins can be added, too.

Tollumba is a fried, crispy, and sweet dessert traditionally eaten in the Balkan Peninsula. It is made of bits of fried dough, similar to doughnuts, steeped in lemony syrup. The dough contains starch and semolina, which keeps it light and crispy.

 
Akullore

Akullore is the Albanian word for ice cream and it is enjoyed in both summer and winter.

Kadaif is a pastry made from long thin noodle threads filled with walnuts or pistachios and sweetened with syrup; it is sometimes served alongside baklava.

Kabuni is a traditional cold-served Albanian dessert made of rice fried in butter, mutton broth, raisins, salt and caramelized sugar. It is then boiled before sugar, cinnamon, and ground cloves are added.

 
Pastashu

Pastashu is made from choux pastry, filled with a cream, vanilla, coffee or chocolate-flavoured custard and then topped usually with fondant icing. This dessert is known as éclair in France and bignè in Italy.

Trileçe is an Albanian adaptation of the Spanish tres leches cake. It is a sponge cake made of three milks from cow, goat and water buffaloes, while cow's milk and cream are used commonly. According to Hürriyet, Albania was the first country to introduce the dessert from South America into the area. It is believed that the popularity of Brazilian soap operas in Albania led local chefs to reverse-engineer the dessert and then the speciality spread over to Turkey.[26][27]

Ashure, the world oldest dessert, is served especially during Muslim (Bektashi) holidays in Albania. It is a congee that is made of a mixture consisting of grains, nuts as well as fruits and dried fruits.[28]

Appetizers and salads

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A typical Albanian vegetable salad

Popular appetizers in Albania includes wheat bread or cornbread, which remains one of the most important foods and are ever-present on the Albanian table. Hence the expression for 'going to eat a meal' (Albanian: për të ngrënë bukë) can be literally translated as 'going to eat bread'. In Albania, bread is also used in the authentic Albanian hospitality saying of "bread, salt and heart" (bukë, kripë e zemër).[citation needed]

Vegetable salads are almost always served along with both lunch and dinner, which in majority are dishes based on meat. The ingredients that are used always in salads are green or red peppers, onions, tomatoes, olives and cucumbers. Salads that are representative of the Albanian cuisine are dressed with salt, olive oil or lemon and vinegar. The usual dressings are based on garlic, lemon and black pepper.[citation needed]

 
Speca të ferguara (roasted peppers) served with pite

An Albanian-style meze of fresh and cooked vegetable salads, pickled cucumbers and other vegetables, hard boiled eggs, prosciutto ham, salami and feta cheese, accompanied with roasted bell peppers, olive oil and garlic is served at festive meals and in restaurants. Nowadays, the modern interpretations of the Albanian meze blend traditional and modern combination of various appetizers.[citation needed]

Fërgesë verore (summer fërgesë), similar to the shakshouka but where eggs are battered, is the vegetarian version of fërgesë,[29] a national dish in Albania made of green and red peppers, along with skinned tomatoes and onions and often served as a side dish to various meat dishes.

Japrak is a stuffed vegetable dish made with grape leaves, olive oil and stuffed with rice, grilled beef and chopped onions and generally served cold with bread and tarator.

 
Bukë misri (cornbread)

Tarator is a cold appetizer and usually served cold as a side dish during the hot summer months. The ingredients of tarator include cucumber, garlic, olive oil, salt and yoghurt. Fried and grilled vegetables and seafood are usually offered with tarator.

Large white kidney beans (fasulle plaqi) are a typical appetizer or side dish, baked in an earthen pot with tomatoes, onions, peppermint, oregano, bay leaves and black pepper.[29]

A variety of soups are enjoyed, particularly in the winter. Especially popular soups are potato, cabbage, bean and fish soups. Trahana is a popular soup in the Eastern Mediterranean. It based on a fermented mixture of wheat and fermented milk. Other dishes include Groshët and Shqeto, which originated from Lunxheri region of Gjirokastër.[citation needed]

Other dishes include mëlci pule, eggplant appetizers, panaret which is famous among Arbëreshës, stuffed peppers composed of green peppers stuffed with rice, meat, other vegetables and herbs, turshi lakre, fried sardele me Limon, papare, which are bread leftovers cooked with water, egg, butter, and Gjizë (salted curd cheese) and bread and cheese referred as Bukë me djathë.[citation needed]

Meat and fish

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Ohrid trout is only found in Lake Ohrid.

The country's cuisine is largely meat-based. Beef and veal are the most commonly consumed meats in Albania, followed by pork.[30] Albania has many small eateries specializing in beef and lamb, goat and veal. In high elevation localities, smoked meat and pickled preserves are common. Animal organs are also used in dishes such as intestines and the head among other parts, which are considered a delicacy.

 
Scampi are popular along the coasts.

Fresh fish is readily available and caught off the coastal areas of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea inside the Mediterranean Sea but also from the Lake Butrint, Lake Shkodër, Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa as well as Karavasta Lagoon, Narta Lagoon and Patos Lagoon. Fresh fish is served whole, in the Mediterranean style, grilled, boiled, fried whole or in slices, dressed only with freshly squeezed lemon juice. Fish dishes are often flavoured with white vinegar and virgin olive oil, which particularly grows in Southern Albania.[citation needed]

Albanians living in the coastal cities, especially in Durrës, Sarandë and Vlorë are passionate about their seafood specialties. Popular seafood dishes include trout, calamari, octopus, cuttlefish, red mullet, sea bass, gilt-head bream and other. Baked whiting, carp, mullet or eel with olive oil and garlic are also widely consumed in the country.[citation needed]

 
Plate with qebapa

Fërgesë is the most iconic dish from Tirana and Central Albania. It consists of peppers, tomatoes, onions and gjizë (Albanian ricotta).[29] Ingredients are cooked on the stove and then in the oven to make a relatively dense sauce. Some versions of the dish include liver or cooked beef. Fërgesë with liver is considered more traditional in Tirana and is thus sometimes called just fërgesë tirane.[citation needed]

 
Fergesë with beef

Tavë kosi is a national dish in Albania that is beloved throughout the country.[31] The speciality is a simple dish of baked lamb and rice, served with a flavored yogurt sauce. Recently, it has become very popular among the Greeks and Turks associated to the large Albanian diaspora in Greece and Turkey.[citation needed]

Qebapa are small homemade grilled meat skinless sausages made of lamb and beef mix. It is primarily served with onions, sour cream, ajvar and pita bread called pitalka.[citation needed]

 
A plate of gullash

Gullash, or tasqebap, is actually eaten very frequently in the mountainous areas of Albania. It's a traditional paprika-spiced meat stew originating in Hungary that is popular throughout Central Europe and the Balkans.[citation needed]

Gjel deti me përshesh (turkey with përshesh) is the usual New Year's dish in many Albanian families and also consumed in other kind of celebrations. Turkey is first boiled and then roasted and served with përshesh, which is prepared by baking pieces of kulaç (a kind of bread) with turkey broth, along with mint and other spices.[29]

Paçe is traditionally common in Albania. It is made with a sheep's, pig's or any cattle's head, boiled until meat comes off easily. It is then stewed with garlic, onion, black pepper and vinegar. Sometimes a little flour is added to thicken the stew.[citation needed]

Proshute is a term used in Albania for many types of salami and ham, which has been seasoned, cured and air-dried. It is served rather at breakfast or lunch as an appetizer. Dishes which consist of proshute include omelete me proshute dhe djathe, role buke me proshute and sallate orizi me pjeper dhe proshute.[citation needed]

Qofte are fried meatballs, which are usually made of minced meat, herbs and spices and cooked with tomato sauce and vegetables or beans. Throughout the country there are few specialized shops called qofteri, which offer qofte and beer.[citation needed]

Pies

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Pite me mish, or byrek

Pite is considered as well one of the national foods of Albania by most Albanians. Several internationally renowned musicians of Albanian heritage such as Rita Ora, Dua Lipa and Action Bronson spread their passion about this Albanian dish.[32][33][34]

 
Flia

It is often served hot, fresh and with pickled vegetables, honey, yogurt or fruit jam. Nowadays, flia mainly features in large social gatherings, weddings, births and other ceremonies and events. Fli is a dish mainly cooked in Kosovo. The dishes may differ depending on the region of Albania.[35] Bakllasarëm is a layered pie, otherwise known as pite, without anything inside, which is covered with yogurt and garlic and then heated again. It is particularly eaten for lunch. Another popular dish is kungullur, which is made of filo pastry layers filled with mashed pumpkin, butter, salt or sugar.[citation needed]

 
Lakror with spinach filling

Notable pies include byrek, pepeq, shaprak, qollopita or lakror. Lakror is a pie that has layers of dough thinner than a byrek and it is traditionally cooked on embers, covered with a metal semispherical lid. Common fillings are leek and gjizë or tomato and onion. It is a specialty of Southern Albanian regions, like Lunxheri or Korça.[citation needed]

Health effects

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Albanian cuisine falls within the category of the "Mediterranean diet," which includes a high consumption of seafood, vegetables, fruit, nuts, and olive oil; however, beef, veal, lamb, and pork are commonly consumed as well.[36] It is believed that because of this diet Albania has a very high life expectancy when its economic power is compared to other countries, characterized by some researchers as the "Albanian paradox".[36]

See also

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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Albania.

References

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  1. ^ Mediterranean Diet: Dietary Guidelines and Impact on Health and Disease (Donato F. Romagnolo, Ornella I. Selmin ed.). Humana Press, 2016. 2016-02-29. p. 47. ISBN 9783319279695.
  2. ^ L. Maggioni, European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (2006). Report of a Working Group on Prunus: Sixth Meeting, 20-21 June, 2003, Budapest, Hungary : Seventh Meeting, 1-3 December 2005, Larnaca, Cyprus. Bioversity International. pp. 29–32. ISBN 9789290437321.
  3. ^ S. Velo; D. Topi. "The Production Potential of the Olive Oil from Native Cultivars in Albania" (PDF). ijoer.com. Tirana.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "THE OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL VALUE CHAIN IN ALBANIA" (PDF). eastagri.org. pp. 38–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
  5. ^ "Consumer Preferences for Olive Oil in Tirana, Albania" (PDF). ifama.org. pp. 2–3.
  6. ^ "Assessing the Comparative Advantage of Albanian Olive Oil Production" (PDF). ageconsearch.umn.edu. pp. 2–3.
  7. ^ "Olive and Olive Oil in Albania, From Antiquity Until the Middle Ages" (PDF). anglisticum.org.mk. Tirana. pp. 1–12.
  8. ^ Mirjona SADIKU. "Page 1 A Tradition of Honor, Hospitality and Blood Feuds: Exploring the Kanun Customary Law inContemporary Albania" (PDF). js.ugd.edu.mk. pp. 11–14. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05.
  9. ^ "Traditional Food of Albania". albaniainside.com. Albanian cuisine can be nominally divided into three regions
  10. ^ Martha Jay (2016-06-15). Onions and Garlic: A Global History. Reaktion Books, 2016. ISBN 9781780236209.
  11. ^ "Onion Consumption Per Capita by Country". helgilibrary.com.
  12. ^ agroweb. "Red Onions vs White Onions, Which One's Healthier?". agroweb.org. Tirana. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  13. ^ Ministry of Environment of Albania. "Albania's Second National Communication to the Conference of Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). unfccc.int. Tirana. p. 28.
  14. ^ a b c Institute of Statistics of Albania. "Agriculture and Livestock Statistics, 2016" (PDF). instat.gov.al. Tirana.
  15. ^ "THE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS VALUE CHAIN IN ALBANIA" (PDF). pdf.usaid.gov. June 2010.
  16. ^ Stefano Padulosi, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (1997). Oregano: Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano (Stefano Padulosi ed.). Bioversity International, 1997. p. 5. ISBN 9789290433170.
  17. ^ Dhimitër Doka. "Albaniens vergessener Exportschlager". humboldt-foundation.de (in German). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Sector in Albania" (PDF). usaid.gov. p. 7.
  19. ^ "Assessment report on Sideritis scardica Griseb.; Sideritis clandestina (Bory & Chaub.) Hayek; Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr.; Sideritis syriaca L., herba" (PDF). ema.europa.eu. pp. 9, 11.
  20. ^ Mark Hillsdon (27 February 2017). "The European capital you'd never thought to visit (but really should)". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
  21. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  22. ^ "PER CAPITA WINE CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY - RANKED BY PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 2008 - 2011 AND % CHANGE 201112008LITERS PER CAPITA" (PDF). wineinstitute.org. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  23. ^ PATTI MORROW (5 January 2017). "Why Albania Is A Great Destination For Wine Drinkers". epicureandculture.com.
  24. ^ The Oxford Companion to Wine (Julia Harding, Jancis Robinson ed.). Oxford University Press, 2015. 2015. ISBN 9780198705383.
  25. ^ The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia (Tom Stevenson ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. 2005. ISBN 0-7566-1324-8.
  26. ^ "Trileçe kazan dünya kepçe". Hürriyet. 1 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  27. ^ Dan Nosowitz / (November 12, 2015). "How a South American Soap Opera Created a Turkish Dessert Craze". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  28. ^ Daily Sabah (3 November 2014). "The oldest dessert in the world: Ashura". dailysabah.com.
  29. ^ a b c d "An introduction to Albanian food in 10 dishes". drivemefoody.com.
  30. ^ "Meat consumption in Albania: Beef and veal at 48%". scan-tv.com. 18 December 2017.
  31. ^ James Minahan (2009-12-23). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO, 2009. p. 303. ISBN 9780313344978.
  32. ^ "Action Bronson i thotë në sy Rita Orës: Do të bëja "fli" për ty (Video)". telegrafi.com (in Albanian). 26 March 2015.
  33. ^ "Dua Lipa bëri pite duke folur shqip me Action Bronson teksa Merita Halili dhe Raif Hyseni kënduan "Doli Goca n'Penxhere" (Video)". telegrafi.com (in Albanian). 20 December 2017.
  34. ^ "Dua Lipa gatuan pite në emisionin e reperit shqiptar". koha.net (in Albanian). 30 November 2017.
  35. ^ "Fli". Britannica. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  36. ^ a b Gjonça, Arjan; Bobak, Martin (December 1997). "Albanian paradox, another example of protective effect of Mediterranean lifestyle?". The Lancet. 350 (9094): 1815–1817. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08347-5. PMID 9428253. S2CID 22486355. ProQuest 198996405.
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