The Republic of Pirates was the base and stronghold of a loose confederacy run by privateers-turned-pirates in Nassau on New Providence island in the Bahamas during the Golden Age of Piracy[1] for about twelve years from 1706 until 1718. While it was not a republic in a formal sense, it was governed by an informal pirate code, which dictated that the crews of the Republic would vote on the leadership of their ships and treat other pirate crews with civility. The term comes from Colin Woodard's book of the same name.
Republic of Pirates | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1706–1718 | |||||||||
 The Death's Head flag[1] | |||||||||
 The islands of modern-day Bahamas | |||||||||
| Capital | Nassau | ||||||||
| Common languages | English | ||||||||
| Religion | Christianity (de facto) | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Privateer (1706–1714) Pirate (1714–1718) | ||||||||
| Government | Confederated republican proto-state under "Code of Conduct" | ||||||||
• Captain | Benjamin Hornigold (1706–1716) | ||||||||
• Captain | Henry Jennings (1706–1716) | ||||||||
• Captain | Edward Teach (1716–1718) | ||||||||
| Legislature | None (de jure) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Golden Age of Piracy | ||||||||
• Established | 1706 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 12 December 1718 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | The Bahamas[1] Turks and Caicos Islands[2] | ||||||||
The activities of the pirates caused havoc with trade and shipping in the West Indies until newly-appointed Royal Governor of the Bahama Islands Woodes Rogers reached Nassau in 1718 and restored British control. Rogers, a former privateer himself, offered clemency to the pirates of the Bahamas, known as the "King's Pardon", an offer many pirates took advantage of. Though a few returned to piracy in the following years, British control of the Bahamas had been secured.
History
editThe era of piracy in the Bahamas began in 1696, when the privateer Henry Avery brought his ship the Fancy loaded with loot from plundering Indian trade ships into Nassau harbour. Avery bribed the governor Nicholas Trott with gold and silver, and with the Fancy itself, still loaded with 50 tons of elephant tusks and 100 barrels of gunpowder.[1] This established Nassau as a base where pirates could operate safely, although various governors regularly made a show of suppressing piracy.[3] Although the governors were still legally in charge, the pirates became increasingly powerful.[1]
The era of true pirate control occurred when a combined Franco-Spanish fleet attacked Nassau in 1703 and again in 1706; the island was effectively abandoned by many of its settlers and left without any English government presence.[1] Nassau was then taken over by English privateers, who became completely lawless pirates over time. The pirates attacked French and Spanish ships, while the French and Spanish forces burned Nassau several more times. Pirates established themselves in Nassau, and essentially established their own republic with its own governors. By 1713, the War of the Spanish Succession was over, but many British privateers were slow to get the news, or reluctant to accept it, and so slipped into piracy. This led to large numbers of unemployed privateers making their way to New Providence to join the republic and swell its numbers. The republic was dominated by two famous pirates who were bitter rivals – Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings. Hornigold was mentor to pirates such as the famous Edward Teach, known as "Blackbeard", along with Sam Bellamy and Stede Bonnet. Jennings was mentor to Charles Vane, "Calico" Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. Despite their rivalries, the pirates formed themselves into the Flying Gang and quickly became infamous for their exploits. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1000 pirates in Nassau at that time and that they outnumbered the mere hundred inhabitants in the town. Blackbeard was later voted by the pirates of Nassau to be their magistrate, to be in command of their republic and enforce law and order as he saw fit.[citation needed]
Pirate Thomas Barrow declared "that he is Governor of Providence and will make it a second Madagascar, and expects 5 or 600 men more from Jamaica sloops to join in the settling of Providence, and to make war on the French and Spaniards, but for the English, they don't intend to meddle with them, unless they are first attack'd by them."[4] While originally the pirates had avoided attacking British ships, this restraint disappeared over time, and at their height, the pirates could command a small fleet of ships that could take on the frigates of the Royal Navy.[citation needed] The amount of havoc caused by the pirates led to an outcry for their destruction, and finally King George I appointed Woodes Rogers as royal governor of the Bahamas to bring the piracy to an end,[5][6][7][8] and offered a pardon to all pirates who turned themselves in.[9]
End of the Republic
editNews of the King's Pardon was brought first from Bermuda,[10] then by Captain Vincent Pearse of HMS Phoenix,[11] and received a mixed reception,[10] some of those rejecting the pardon being Jacobites.[12] Pearse made a list of 209 pirates on New Providence – fewer than half the pirates on the island – who stated their intention to take the pardon.[12]
In 1718, Rogers arrived in Nassau with a fleet of several ships, bringing with him the authority to grant the King's Pardon. Among those who accepted was Benjamin Hornigold, and, in a shrewd move, Rogers commissioned Hornigold to hunt down and capture those pirates who refused to surrender and accept the royal pardon. As a former privateer himself, Hornigold was well placed to understand what needed to be done, and he pursued his former comrades with zeal. Although pirates such as Charles Vane and Blackbeard evaded capture, Hornigold did take ten pirates prisoner and on the morning of 12 December 1718, nine of them were executed. This act re-established British control and ended the pirates' republic in the Bahamas. Those pirates who had fled successfully continued their piratical activities elsewhere in the Caribbean in what has become known as the Golden Age of Piracy.
Code of conduct
editThe pirates ran their affairs using what was called the pirate code, which was the basis of their claim that their rule of New Providence constituted a kind of republic.[13] According to the code, the pirates ran their ships democratically, sharing plunder equally and selecting and deposing their captains by popular vote.[14] Many of the pirates were privateers out of work since the end of the Queen Anne's War and ex-sailors who had revolted against the conditions on merchant and naval ships. Africans could be equal members of the crew, and several people of mixed European and African descent became pirate captains. Some of the pirates were also Jacobites, who had become pirates to help restore the recently deposed Stuart line to the throne. A few female pirates like Anne Bonny and Mary Read were also present.[15]
Pirates of Nassau
edit
Captain Pearse's list of pirates intending to take the King's Pardon
edit| List of pirates on New Providence who surrendered to Captain Pearse[16] |
|
| Bold names indicate 19 pirates who resumed piracy while Pearse was present. |
In popular culture
editIn Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, fictional character Edward Kenway helps to seize control of Nassau and establish the pirate republic with other major pirates of the Golden Age of Piracy.[17][18]
The TV series Black Sails is largely based on the history and famous historical pirate inhabitants of Nassau. Several characters' motivations are rooted in the idea of establishing a true "Republic of Pirates" in Nassau.[19]
The Netflix limited series The Lost Pirate Kingdom (2021) is also based on the exploits and rivalries of both the Republic of Pirates as well as the Flying Gang and its members, including Benjamin Hornigold, Sam Bellamy, Henry Jennings, and Blackbeard.
The 2022 HBO Max series Our Flag Means Death features the Republic of Pirates in multiple episodes, as the location of supporting character Spanish Jackie's tavern.
See also
edit- 1715 Treasure Fleet
- Brethren of the Coast
- Distribution of justice
- Governance in 18th-century piracy – Organization of the pirates of the 18th century
- Jolly Roger
- Libertatia
- Republic of Salé
- Thalassocracy
- Victual Brothers
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Woodard, Colin (12 May 2008). The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-41575-8.
- ^ "History of Pirates on the Islands of Turks and Caicos". TCVilas.com. 15 November 2021.
- ^ Kazerooni, Bijan (26 April 2018). ""All this Shim-Sham Story of Pyrates is an Impudent Libel upon Great Men": The Suppression of Pirates and the Suppression of Dissent in Walpolean Britain". Voces Novae. 8 (1).
- ^ Headlam, Cecil (1930). America and West Indies: July 1716 | British History Online (Vol 29 ed.). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 139–159. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ Woodard 2007, p. 166.
- ^ Woodard 2007, p. 167.
- ^ Woodard 2007, p. 168.
- ^ Woodard 2007, pp. 262–314.
- ^ Brigham, Clarence (1911). British Royal Proclamations Relating to America 1603–1783. Worcester, Massachusetts: American Antiquarian Society. pp. 176–180.
- ^ a b Woodard 2007, p. 228.
- ^ Woodard, Colin (2014). The Republic of Pirates. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-44-724608-4.
On... February 23, the Phoenix arrived
- ^ a b Fox, Edward T. (2010). "Jacobitism and the 'Golden Age' of Piracy, 1715-1725". International Journal of Maritime History. 22 (2): 277–303. doi:10.1177/084387141002200212. S2CID 162372700. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ Ciferri, Alberto (9 August 2019). An Overview of Historical and Socio-economic Evolution in the Americas. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-3821-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Leeson, Peter T. (31 March 2009). The Invisible Hook. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400829866. ISBN 978-1-4008-2986-6 – via degruyter.com.
- ^ Schulte,=, R. (2016). "But of Their Own Free-Will and Consent: Anne Bonny, Mary Read, and the Women Pirates in the Early Modern Times". Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History. 6 (1): 13–28. doi:10.20429/aujh.2016.060102. S2CID 226983057.
- ^ Brooks, Baylus C. (2015–2017). "Vincent Pearse to Admiralty—3 Jun 1718". baylusbrooks.com. Baylus C. Brooks. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ Carter, Justin (19 October 2015). "Here's the Entire Assassin's Creed Story So Far". TwinFinite. p. 4. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Kulcsár, Lili (January 2018). "Introduction". Linguistic Representation of Ethnicities in Assassin's Creed: Black Flag (PDF). University of Jyväskylä. p. 7. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ "The Truth Behind the Black Sails Saga". Archived from the original on 10 August 2019.