Pingo Canadian Landmark, also known as Pingo National Landmark, is a natural area protecting eight pingos near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories. It is in a coastal region of the Arctic Ocean which contains approximately 1,350 Arctic ice dome hills—approximately one quarter of the world's pingos.[2]
| Pingo National Landmark | |
|---|---|
IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)[1] | |
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  Location of Pingo National Landmark in Canada  Location of Pingo Canadian Landmark in Northwest Territories | |
| Location | Northwest Territories, Canada |
| Nearest city | Tuktoyaktuk, NT |
| Coordinates | 69°23′59″N 133°04′47″W / 69.39972°N 133.07972°W |
| Area | 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) |
| Established | 25 July 1984 |
| Governing body | Parks Canada |
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History
editThe area has been a focus of scientific study for over 50 years, and research here has formed the basis of current understanding about the origin and growth of pingos. The region was first identified as a site of national significance in 1978, and landmark status was proposed. Legislation creating it in 1984 formed part of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement (officially, the Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act (1984)).[3] It provided for cooperative management of the Landmark between the Government of Canada, the Inuvialuit Land Administration, and the people of Tuktoyaktuk. It reserved subsurface rights for the Inuvialuit, federal jurisdiction for the surface, and that the pingos would be preserved unimpaired.
Although a nationwide landmarks program was envisioned at its creation, Pingo remains the country's only National Landmark.[4]
Geography
editThe Landmark comprises an area roughly 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi), just 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Tuktoyaktuk, and includes Ibyuk Pingo—Canada's highest, exceeded in height only by Kadleroshilik Pingo in Alaska—at 49 m (161 ft).[2] The Landmark, which lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, is managed by Parks Canada under the National Parks Act.
In a region near the Beaufort Sea which is quite flat, pingos dominate the skyline, rising from 5 to 36 m (16 to 118 ft), in various stages of growth and collapse. Ibyuk Pingo, the highest, continues to grow about 2 cm (0.79 in) per year, and is estimated to be at least 1,000 years old. Unique to areas of permafrost, pingos have formed here thanks to numerous lakes in the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula.
Geology
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Pingos
editThe Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula has the greatest concentration of pingos in the world with a total of 1,350 pingos.[5] These pingos formed in one of two distinct ways: hydrostatically and hydraulically. Hydrostatic pingos are the result of closed systems caused by continuous permafrost where there is an impermeable ground layer, leading to the build up of hydrostatic pressure.[6] Hydraulic pingos are caused by open systems where groundwater flows in, leading to the accumulation of artesian pressure.[6]
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Other features
editThe Landmark protects an excellent example of massive ice. One section of the frozen groundwater, part of an eroded hillside by the sea, is over 500 m (1,600 ft) long, and 10 m (33 ft) high. Other less visible ice beds in the region are over 40 m (130 ft) thick. This type of ice is found in permafrost, and can be thousands of years old.
The permafrost environment of the Landmark also hosts wedge ice. These are vertical masses of ice that form after water freezes in the cracks around ground that has contracted due to extreme cold. When ice wedges connect to one another, they can form tundra polygons. These polygons are most striking when viewed from the air.
Ecology
editFlora
editThere are an estimated 1200 different plant species that can be found at the park.[7] Shrubs that can be found include arctic willow, white heather, Labrador tea, and dwarf birch. Several different berries such as cranberries, cloudberries, and blueberries can be found in the park. Non-vascular plants such as sphagnum moss and leaf lichen make up much of the ground cover in the region.[7] As a result of the permafrost and short growing season of the park what few trees can be found are in a stunted krummholz form.[7]
Fauna
editAnimals that inhabit this park include grizzly and polar bears, wolf packs, two species of fox, and Arctic ground squirrels. Birds that either nest or migrate around the park are brant geese, tundra swans, lesser snow geese, loons, and greater white-fronted geese. Ducks such as mallard, green-winged teal, king eider, common eider, and long-tailed ducks are common to this area as well as a variety of gulls and shorebird species.
Visiting the Landmark
editIn August 2010 a boardwalk trail was completed with a boat launch, dock and viewing platforms; interpretive signage is planned by Parks Canada for self-guided tours. Local tour operators provide guided access to the site, which is easiest by boat. Hiking provides a more challenging option, but no matter how visitors access the site, Arctic weather and varying water levels can force a change of plans and an alternate route of return.
In media
editThe landmark was featured in Billy Connolly: Journey to the Edge of the World, a 2008 transcontinental land, sea, and air journey by the Scottish entertainer.[8]
See also
editReferences
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- ^ "Protected Planet | Pingo Canadian Landmark". Protected Planet. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ a b Parks Canada (2005). "Pingo Canadian Landmark". Archived from the original on 2007-06-03. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ Inuvialuit Final Agreement Archived 2003-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Parks Canada (2005). "Pingo Canadian Landmark". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
- ^ Mackay, J. Ross (1998). "Pingo Growth and Collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Western Arctic Coast, Canada: A Long-Term Field Study" (PDF). Géographie Physique et Quaternaire. 52 (3). University of Montreal: 311. doi:10.7202/004847ar. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ a b Yoshikawa, K. (2013-01-01), Shroder, John F. (ed.), "8.18 Pingos", Treatise on Geomorphology, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 274–297, ISBN 978-0-08-088522-3, retrieved 2022-07-28
- ^ a b c Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2021-01-21). "Flora - Pingo Canadian Landmark". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ Billy Connolly: Journey to the Edge of the World, episode 3 (at approx. the 27:30 minute mark).