The PLA's combat readiness level (中国人民解放军战备等级) is the alert awareness system used by the People's Liberation Army to signal the PRC's combat readiness posture (similar to the American DEFCON system). Different readiness levels activate different set of preparatory actions by the PLA. The system has four levels, with One being the highest (possible war imminent) and Four the lowest. It is the Central Military Commission's responsibility (through the JOCC) to call changes in the readiness level. At different levels, the People's Liberation Army takes different actions to deal with different degrees of emergency.[1]
China uses other readiness systems, such as the Firefighting Action Readiness[2] system, and the Militia's three-level readiness system.[3][4]
System levels
editThe PLA's combat readiness system is divided into four levels. Each level has clearly indicated measures and actions of mobilization that the PLA needs to take to face the crisis. The CMC assesses the impact of foreign military activities, and the likelihood of China being attacked.[5]
Different combat readiness levels may apply only to specific areas, or to specific services and arms of the PLA. In case of localized threats, high levels may apply to a district and not to others.[1]
The measures or actions required by the PLA's combat readiness level go from very basic, such as conducting combat readiness inspections, strengthening patrols, and maintaining communications open,[6] to highly strict and urgent measures of mobilization and preparation for shooting war if the emergency is deemed to require it.</ref>
Contrary to the DEFCON system, a state of perfect defense normality does not have a readiness number, and level 1 does not imply the near-certainty of shooting war.[7] The PLA's military doctrine explicitly recommends the use of readiness signalling as a form of deterrence.[8]
The standard conditions for each of the readiness levels are as follows:[1][5]
| PLA Readiness Level | Condition | State | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Readiness Level One (一级战备) |
|
Entering War Readiness State. |
|
| Readiness Level Two (二级战备） |
|
Entering War preparation mobilization state. |
|
| Readiness Level Three (三级战备) |
|
Entering combat mobilization state. |
|
| Readiness Level Four (四级战备) |
|
Preserving normal state. |
|
The readiness system is not used in situations of complete low international tensions. It can also be raised by steps or by several steps depending on the changing international situation.
History
editSince the establishment of the PLA's combat readiness level system, the CRL has been raised several times.
Taiwan Strait Crisis（1996）
edit
In 1995, Republic of China president Li Teng-Hui visited the US in an official capacity. The PRC government decided to carry out two large scale missile test operations around the island of Taiwan to deter any further moves. The US reacted by sending two 7th fleet carrier groups to cruise through the Taiwan Strait.[9] As a reaction, the CMC declared the Nanjing Military Region raised to level one.[1][7]
"Two Countries" Thesis
editIn 1999，then President of the Republic of China Li Teng-hui declared the "Two Countries" thesis that seemed to support independence. Forces in Fujian were raised to level 3 readiness.
Hainan Island incident
edit
On 1 April 2001, an American EP-3 Aries sigint plane collided midair with a J-8II interceptor south of Hainan. The Chinese pilot died and the American plane was forced to land in Hainan island.[10] PLA Forces on the were placed on level 1 readiness for a short period, until negotiations started with the US.
2004 Republic of China Elections
editIn 2004，ROC's president Chen Shui-bian was seeking reelection. For over a year before the election, the PLA forces on the Taiwan Strait were kept on state 2.
2008 Republic of China elections
editFor the 2008 ROC elections, the readiness level of the forces in the strait were raised to level 1.[11]
2011 Kashgar Terrorist Attacks
editOn 30 July 2011, double attacks on Kashgar city of Xinjiang province resulted in declaration of a level 1 event, and martial law was imposed in the region to preempt any further unrest.[12]
2011 Kim Jong-Il's death
editOn 17 December 2011, to deal with the uncertainty associated with the sudden death of North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il, the CMC increased readiness state to 3 on the Sino-Korean border.[1]
2013 Korean Peninsula Crisis
edit2013年2月12日2 December 2013, North Korea decided to disregard international opposition and restart nuclear testing,[13] and in 5 March the same year, it declared its intention not to be bound to the Korean Armistice (for the sixth time).[14] In the face of North Korean hardline attitude, the PRC mobilized extra troops to its border, and declared a readiness condition 1 for the border area.[15]
Galwan Valley Skirmishes
editIn 2020, as the result of the Galwan valley skirmishes and consequent border tensions, the readiness level was raised to level 3 for the Xinjiang and Tibet Military Districts. The level was further raised to level 2 after actual shooting was reported.[16][17]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e 凤凰卫视《军情观察室》 (2011-12-29). "解放軍戰爭狀態分四級戰備 一級戰備為戰爭一觸即發". 鳳凰網. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "公安部发布《公安消防部队执勤战斗条令》(全文)". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "民兵政治教育常识". Archived from the original on 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ Information Office of the State Council, The People’s Republic of China (April 2013). "The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces (2013)" (PDF). Jamestown. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ a b "解放軍戰備等級". 東方日報. 2012-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "建国以来有几次一级战备_二级战备". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ a b "什么情况下中国会进入一级战备？一级战备有多可怕 - 中国人民解放军 - 抗日战争纪念网". www-krzzjn-com.translate.goog. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Science of Military Strategy (2020 Ed.) Chapter 8: Strategic Deterrence". Interpret: China. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ 中國軍演十個月 美航艦入台海 Archive index(Date mismatch) at the Wayback Machine，《自由時報》
- ^ "Chinese jet 'snapped in two'". BBC Online. April 13, 2001. Archived from the original on 2003-03-14. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
- ^ "許惠祐：大選期間 解放軍沿海部隊一級戰備". 中國評論新聞. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "喀什交通管制 解放軍武警一級戰備". 2011-08-01. Archived from the original on 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ Lim, Benjamin Kang (2013-02-15). "North Korea tells China of preparations for fresh nuclear test". Reuters. 北京. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2013-04-05.
- ^ "Korean Armistice Agreement Will No Longer Exist: Rodong Sinmun". KCNA. 2013-03-07. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
- ^ "兩韓緊繃 吉林解放軍一級戰備". 自由電子報. 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "PLA got ready to fight after gunfire exchange with Indian troops, sources say". South China Morning Post. 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ 孫瀾 (2020-09-18). "【中印衝突】解放軍二級戰備意味着甚麼？". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 2024-05-20.