Paul-Félix Armand-Delille (3 July 1874 – 4 September 1963) was a French physician, bacteriologist, professor, and member of the French Academy of Medicine. He is best known for attempting to protect his crop from rabbits by releasing a pair of rabbits infected with Myxoma virus on to his farm in northern France.[1] The spread of the vira lead to a plague of myxomatosis that caused the collapse of rabbit populations throughout much of Europe and beyond in the 1950s.[2]
Paul-Félix Armand-Delille | |
|---|---|
 Paul-Félix Armand-Delille | |
| Born | 3 July 1874  Fourchambault |
| Died | 4 September 1963 (aged 89) Maillebois |
| Occupation | Physician |
Biography
editBorn in Fourchambault, Nièvre, in central France, Armand-Delille studied medicine and became a professor at the Paris School of Medicine, specialising in infectious diseases in children. During the First World War he carried out important work on malaria,[3] for which he was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Winner of the Fabien Prize in 1943 for his Treatise on Social Service written in 1939, he was then elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 1944, where he later retired from the study of medicine.
Myxomatosis release
editDuring his retirement, after having read of the effectiveness of the myxomatosis virus in dealing with rabbit plagues in Australia, in 1952 Armand-Delille decided to intentionally introduce the virus onto his 3-square-kilometre (740-acre) private estate of Chateau Maillebois in Eure-et-Loir, not far from Paris.[4] He used a strain of the virus, which had been isolated in 1949 and believed that the enclosed nature of the estate would prevent its spread into other rabbit populations.[1] Inoculating two rabbits with Myxoma virus acquired from a laboratory in Lausanne, Armand-Delille succeeded in rapidly eradicating the population on his estate and town, with 98% of the rabbits being dead within six weeks. However, within four months it became clear that the virus had escaped from his estate, the corpse of an infected rabbit having been found 50 km (30 miles) away.[5][6][7]
Within a year of the initial release, an estimated 45% of the wild rabbits in France had died of the disease, along with 35% of domestic rabbits, and the disease subsequently spread to the rest of western Europe, destroying rabbit populations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Germany, Britain, and beyond.[8] The effect on the rabbit population of France was dramatic. In the hunting season covering the year of the release of the virus, 1952–1953, the total number of rabbits killed in 25 hunts exceeded 55 million; the figure for 1956–1957 was just 1.3 million, a 98% reduction.
Armand-Delille found himself both condemned by rabbit hunters and showered with praise by farmers and foresters. He was prosecuted, and in January 1955 he was convicted and fined 5,000 francs. However, he was later honored; in June 1956 he was awarded a gold medal to commemorate his achievement by Bernard Dufay, honorary director-general of the French Department of Rivers and Forests. The medal depicts Armand-Delille on one side, and a dead rabbit on the other.[9][10]
The disease has in turn affected predators dependent on rabbits as a food source, in particular the Iberian lynx, a rabbit specialist which is unable to significantly adapt its diet. It is not uncommon for shooters to specifically target infected rabbits, viewing the act as being merciful. However, in 2005 the UK Land Registry conducted a survey of 16,000 hectares (62 sq mi) of its land and reported that the rabbit population had increased three-fold every two years, likely a product of increasing genetic resistance to the virus.[citation needed]
Bibliography
edit- The Private Life of the Rabbit by R. M. Lockley (Andre Deutsch, London 1964)
- International Herald Tribune, Wednesday, June 7, 2006, page 2.
References
edit- ^ a b Williamson, M. (1996). Biological Invasions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-412-59190-7.
- ^ Dickenson, Victoria (2013-10-15). Rabbit. Reaktion Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-78023-216-4.
- ^ Gardikas, Katerina (2018-02-05). Landscapes of Disease: Malaria in Modern Greece. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-191-2.
- ^ Myxomatosis, Great Britain Advisory Committee on; Food, Great Britain Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and (1954). Myxomatosis. CUP Archive. p. 310.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Bird of Time: The Science and Politics of Nature Conservation ... N. W. Moore - 1987- Page 123 "Also, numerous wild species benefited greatly since the vegetation recovered and competition from rabbits virtually disappeared. In June 1952 Dr Armand Delille, a French doctor, introduced the myxoma virus onto his estate near Paris."
- ^ Peter C. Doherty Pandemics: What Everyone Needs to Know - 2012 Page 161 "Wanting to control the wild rabbits on his property, retired French bacteriologist and academician Paul Armand-Delille got hold of some myxomavirus and injected two rabbits, which he then released at Chateau Maillebois in the Loire Valley."
- ^ Phytoma: Revue D'information Pour la Protection Des Végétaux (in French). 1969.
- ^ Moore, N. W. (1987-02-27). The Bird of Time: The Science and Politics of Nature Conservation - A Personal Account. CUP Archive. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-521-25259-1.
- ^ Armand-Delille, Paul-Félix; Nègre, Léopold (1922). Technique de la réaction de déviation du complément de Bordet et Gengou: avec utilisation spéciale de la méthode de Calmette et Massol (in French). Masson.
- ^ Henry, Gabe (2018-09-04). What the Fact?!. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521-6855-5.