Apolytirio (Greek: Απολυτήριο; in demotike, 1976–present) or phased out Apolytirion (Απολυτήριον; in polytonic, katharevousa, up until 1976) is the official senior secondary education school completion certificate (graduation qualification) in Greece (and Cyprus) obtained after successfully completing the third grade of lyceum (high school).[1] It is graded on a 20-point scale. Specific conditions and rules apply to the separate types of lyceum for the Pan-hellenic examinations which are in terms of the same or relevant Pan-hellenic examinations subjects of study as the General Lyceum type, such as the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL)[2][3] having its own four subjects for the Pan-hellenic examinations. Every type of school follows a different curriculum.
Types
editThe types of Apolytirio (Απολυτήριο) in Greece are:
- Apolytirio from High School (GEL) in a. Humanities and Social Sciences, b. Sciences and Health Sciences and c. Economic and Computer Studies - awarded by Geniko Lykeio, Protypo Geniko Lykeio and Peiramatiko Geniko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Vocational High School (EPAL) in a. Structural Works, Environment and Architectural Design, b. Αgriculture, Food and Environment, c. Business Administration and Economics, d. Applied Arts, e. Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, f. Mechanical Engineering, g. Maritime Professionals, h. Information Technology and i. Health, Welfare and Wellbeing - awarded by Epangelmatiko Lykeio και Protypo Epangelmatiko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Musical High School - awarded by Mousiko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Art High School - awarded by Kalitechniko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Ecclesiastical High School - awarded by Ekklisiastiko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Cross-Cultural Education High School - awarded by Diapolitismiko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Integrated Special Vocational High School - awarded by Eniaio Eidiko Epangelmatiko Lykeio.
There are two types of evening schools Apolytirio:
- Apolytirio from Evening High School - awarded by Esperino Geniko Lykeio.
- Apolytirio from Evening Vocational High School - awarded by Esperino Epangelmatiko Lykeio.
The two main types are General Lyceum (Γενικό Λύκειο) - about 70% of the student and Vocational Lyceum (Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο) - about 30% of the student.
Changes over the years
editThe system and examinations accepted for entrance into Higher Education HE (Greek: ανώτερη εκπαίδευση) in Greece went through major changes since 1980. The below timeline of lyceum subjects and Pan-hellenic exams subjects are from the General Lyceum (GEL) only and it is not an exhaustive list of the all types of lyceum nor their subjects nor their subjects of Pan-hellenic exams, while should not be relied upon as a one.
1984–1998
editThe most common/known Lyceum is the General Lyceum (Greek: Γενικὀ Λύκειο, Geniko Lykeio).
In the first 2 grades, all students are taught the same subjects. In 3rd grade, students followed a core programme of general education and each Desmi (Α, Β, Γ, and Δ) followed a specialized program (Greek: Δέσμη, Δέσμες / Desmi (singular), Desmes (plural)).[4]
An Apolytirio of Geniko Lykeio included the GPA (scale 0–20), student's conduct information and consisted of:
| General Lyceum (GEL) | |
| General Education | Desmi |
|---|---|
| Religion | Modern Greek & Grammar |
| History | Mathematics (A,Δ) |
| Democratic Regime | Physics (A,B) |
| Philosophy | Chemistry (A,B) |
| English Language | Human Biology (B) |
| Gymnastics/Physical Education | Ancient Greek & Grammar (Γ) |
| Greek Modern Literature | Themes of Modern Greek History (Γ) |
| Latin (Γ) | |
| Sociology (Δ)/Political Economy (Δ) | |
From 1984 until 1998 only the total score of the Panhellenic Examinations (Greek: Πανελλήνιες / Πανελλαδικές Εξετάσεις) was accepted for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The total Score was calculated from the individual scores, with one of the subjects having a higher weight percentage. e.g. for A Desmi: Mathematics, B Desmi: Biology, etc.
The 4 Desmes (A,B,Γ and Δ) were:[5]
| General Lyceum (GEL) | |||||
| Desmi | (Main) Subject 1 (higher % weight) | Subject 2 | Subject 3 | Subject 4 | Undergraduate Courses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Desmi | Mathematics | Greek Language | Physics | Chemistry | -> Polytechnics, Physico-Mathematical, Agricultural-Forest |
| B Desmi | Biology | Greek Language | Physics | Chemistry | -> Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical, Biological |
| Γ Desmi | Ancient Greek | Greek Language | Latin | History | -> Theological, Philosophical, Law Sciences |
| Δ Desmi | Mathematics | Greek Language | History | Civil Economy (/Sociology) | -> Political Sciences, Public Administration, Economics, Sociology |
Students had to preselect their choices in a numerical order of preference—using the bases of last year's Panhellenic Examinations' only as a guide—and submit them to their school on a given deadline, using a 4-pages machine-readable document (Greek: μηχανογραφικό δελτίο, michanografiko deltio). The results of the National Examinations determined not only who will pass into highest/higher education but also next year's bases.
The total individual score for every subject was 0–160[4] which was the sum of the 2 examiners' scores based on the scale 0–80 each. A remarking by a 3rd examiner would determine the final score if there was a large difference between the first two scores.
| General Lyceum (GEL) | |||
| Panhellenic National Examinations[5] | Coefficient | Score (scale) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main Subject (higher % weight) | 1.15 | 0–160 | |
| Other 3 Subjects | 0.95 | 0–160 | |
Maximum total score = ((160 x 1.15)+ (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95)) x 10 = 6400 units
- Units: (Greek: μόρια, moria (plural)), same numeric format with the bases.
First, the scores for every student and later the bases for each course were published in every school across the country, directly from the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. Bases were also being broadcast on Greek TV during the day.
It was allowed to keep the individual subjects' scores (up to 3) and resit on exams to increase the total score, but only for 2 more examinations.[5]
1999–2004
editThere are three grades in Eniaio Lykeio and each grade is divided in classes.
The 1st grade of Eniaio Lykeio operates as an orientation year with a general knowledge programme.
The 2nd grade includes three directions: Humanities (Θεωρητική Κατεύθυνση), Science (Θετική Κατεύθυνση) and Technology (Τεχνολογική Κατεύθυνση).
In the 3rd grade we have again the three directions but the Technology direction operates in two courses: i) the Technology and the Production course and ii) the Information Science and Services course.
In Eniaio Lykeio, there is the Support Teaching Programme. This programme can be attended by those pupils who wish to do so, regardless of their performance.
Right of entrance have only the holders of the Apolytirio lyceum certificate.[6]
The written examinations in the subjects, either at school's level or at national level, count equivalently towards the Apolytirio's GPA.[7] On the contrary, for entrance in highest education only the subjects examined nationally in written form are being considered.[7] The Apolytirio is detached completely from highest education's entrance.[8]
| Integrated Lyceum | ||
| Elective Subjects (2 Hours) | ||
| Philosophy Issues | History of Art | Statistics |
| Principles of Economic Theory | 2nd Foreign Language | Computer Applications |
| History of Science and Technology | Modern Hellenic Literature | Logic: Theory and Practice |
| Integrated Lyceum | ||
| General Education (17 Hours) | ||
| English (2) | Biology (1) | |
| Physical Education (1) | History of the Modern World (2) | Physics (1) |
| Religious Education (1) | Modern Greek Language (2) | Sociology (2) |
| Ancient Greek Language and Literature (1) | Modern Greek Literature (2) | Mathematics and Statistics (2) |
| Integrated Lyceum | |||
| Humanities Direction | Science Direction | Technology Direction A. Technology and Production Course | Technology Direction B. Information Science and Service Course |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ancient Greek (5) | Mathematics (5) | Mathematics (5) | Mathematics (5) |
| Themes of Modern Greek History (2) | Physics (3) | Physics (3) | Physics (3) |
| Latin (2.5) | Chemistry (2) | Chemistry-Biochemistry (2) | Development of Applications in Computer Environment (2) |
| Greek Literature (2.5) | Biology (2) | Electric Technology (2) | Principles of Organisation, Business Administration and Services (2) |
2005–2013
editPanhellenic National Level Examinations involve 6–7 subjects of the General Lyceum (3rd grade).[9] Besides the Lyceum Diploma (Apolytirio), the achievement score on a certificate awarded (Βεβαίωση, Bebaiosi, 2002 till the phasing-out of the old system after 2016) takes into account final year school grade (school level evaluation) and the grades on 6 subjects of the National Examinations.[10][11]
2014 - 2020
editFor the General Lyceum (GEL) 4 orientation groups existed[12] including 4 subjects[13] each :(I) Humanities, Law and Social Sciences (II) Sciences (III) Health Sciences (IV) Economic and Computer Studies.
| General Lyceum (GEL) | |||
| Humanities, Law and Social Sciences | Sciences | Health Sciences | Economic and Computer Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Themes of Modern Greek History (7) | Physics (7) | Biology (7) | Mathematics (7) |
| Latin (7) | Chemistry (7) | Physics (7) | IT Applications Development in Programming Environment (7) |
| Ancient Greek Language (7) | Mathematics (7) | Chemistry (7) | Principles in Economic Theory (7) |
| Modern Greek Language and Literature (6) | |||
In 2019, the Ministry of Education under Kostas Gavroglou of SYRIZA, decided to replace Latin with sociology in the school curriculum. This decision was not met without opposition from academics related to classical humanist studies, who called the move "anachronistic" and the major opposition party, New Democracy.[14] In 2020,the Ministry of Education under Niki Kerameus (ND) reinstated Latin in the school curriculum, again with opposition from SYRIZA and academics related to Sociology.[15]
Since 2020
editFor the General Lyceum (GEL) 3 orientation groups exist,[16] which include 3 subjects each: (I) Humanities and Social Sciences (II) Sciences and Health Sciences (III) Economic and Computer Studies. All students are also examined in "General Modern Greek Language and Literature and a countercurrent subject: Mathematics and Statistics for the Humanities group, and History of the Modern World for groups II and III.[17][18] The countercurrent subjects stem from the General Education Mathematics and History courses of the Integrated Lyceum, albeit the curriculum and the books have been modified, especially in the case of Maths and Statistics.
| Apolytirio - High School / General Lyceum (GEL) | ||
| Humanities and Social Sciences | Sciences and Health Sciences | Economic and Computer Studies |
|---|---|---|
| Sociology (until 2020-2021) (6)
Latin (since 2021-2022) (6) |
Biology (Health Sciences) (6) or Mathematics (Sciences) (6) |
Computer Science (6) |
| Ancient Greek Language (6) | Chemistry (6) | Mathematics (6) |
| Themes of Modern Greek History (6) | Physics (6) | Principles in Economic Theory (6) |
| Mathematics and Statistics (2) | History of the Modern World (2) | |
| Modern Greek Language and Literature (6) | ||
Acceptance abroad
editAlthough the total score from the Panhellenic Examinations determined the entrance in higher education in Greece, the final mark GPA (Grade Point Average) of the Apolytirio is the entry qualification most often requested in order to be accepted in higher education abroad. The results of the Panhellenic Examinations are usually not requested or are referred by different names such as General Entrance Examinations.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs - Greek Education System" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2010-03-25. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
- ^ "Vocational Lyceums (EPALs) of Greece, Orientation Groups, Specialties" (PDF). Ministry of Education (in Greek).
- ^ "Subjects of the Pan-hellenic Examinations for EPAL - Joint Ministerial Decree 153/79899/Α5 Government Gazette 1904/Β/28-5-2019" (PDF). Ministry of Education (in Greek).
- ^ a b "NARIC guide on Higher Education Systems in the European Union, Edition of 1999" (PDF). University of Marburg. pp. 1–595. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-16..
- ^ a b c "Entrance System for Tertiary Education in Greece 1964-2006" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2011-01-12.
- ^ "Ministry of Education and Religious - New Examination System for Integrated Lyceum" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2009-02-19.
- ^ a b "Ministry of Education Directorate of Organization and Examinations - General Lyceum Entry system into the Tertiary Education - Athens 2008" (PDF). Ministry of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06.
- ^ "7th General Lyceum of Kalamatas" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
- ^ "30 years Panhellenic Examinations the same story, class barriers, uneducation, extracurricular private classes at private centres" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2011-06-25. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
- ^ "ΒΕΒΑΙΩΣΗ ΠΡΟΣΒΑΣΗΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΡΙΤΟΒΑΘΜΙΑ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ". anosi.tripod.com. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
- ^ "o υποψήφιος Η διαφορά Απολυτηρίου-Βεβαίωσης Πρόσβασης". ΤΑ ΝΕΑ (in Greek). 2002-05-07. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
- ^ "Law 4186/2013 Government Gazette 193/Α/17-9-2013" (PDF). Ministry of Education (in Greek). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-24.
- ^ "Subjects of Orientation Groups of the General Lyceum, Law 4186/2013" (PDF). Hellenic Parliament (in Greek). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-22.
- ^ "Anger over scrapping of Latin classes". Kathimerini. Archived from the original on 2020-03-05.
- ^ "Latin returns and Sociology withdraws - dialogue between university academics". Kathimerini (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2020-05-06.
- ^ "Joint Ministerial Decree 74181/Δ2/2020 Government Gazette 2338/B/15-6-2020". Hellenic Parliament. E-Nomothesia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11.
National Curriculum of First, Second, Third Grade of the General Lyceum (GEL)
- ^ Ipaidia, Newsroom (2020-04-23). "Νομοσχέδιο Υπουργείου Παιδείας: Τι είναι το «κόντρα μάθημα» που έρχεται". Ipaidia.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-11-06.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "Τρόπος εξέτασης των μαθημάτων ΓΕΛ". esos.gr (in Greek). 2022-04-14. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
- ^ "The University of Western Ontario - Welcome to Western". University of Western Ontario. Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 4 May 2009.