Paleo-Laplandic is a hypothetical group of extinct but related languages spoken in Sápmi (northern Scandinavia). The speakers of Paleo-Laplandic languages switched to Sámi languages, and the languages became extinct around AD 500. A considerable amount of words in Sámi languages originate from Paleo-Laplandic;[1] more than 1,000 loanwords from Paleo-Laplandic likely exist. Many toponyms in Sápmi originate from Paleo-Laplandic. Because Sámi language etymologies for reindeers have preserved a large number of words from Paleo-Laplandic, this suggests that Paleo-Laplandic groups influenced Sámi culture.[2]
| Paleo-Laplandic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Sápmi |
| Extinct | around 500 AD |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Languages of northern Europe in the early iron age | |
Due to irregular correspondences in Sámi loanwords from Paleo-Laplandic, it can be theorized that the words were borrowed from distinct but related languages that were characterized in the west by an s-type sibilant, while in the east it was an š-type sibilant.
Many words relating to the environment or reindeer such as ája ("spring") are likely loanwords from Paleo-Laplandic into Sámi.[3][4] The substrate words have no apparent parallels to any known language. Linguist Jurij Kuzmenko compared them with the Pre-Germanic substrate words but found no similarities aside from a distinction between central and peripheral accentuation.[5]
List of substratum words
edit| Substratum Word | English |
|---|---|
| áidni | bearded seal |
| ákču | harbor seal |
| buovjja | beluga |
| dealljá | harp seal |
| deavut | gray Seal |
| gáhtir | seal's flipper |
| jeagis | bearded seal |
| jiepma | seal pup |
| morša | walrus |
| noarvi | seal |
| njuorjju | seal |
| oaidu | ringed seal |
| riehkku | middle-sized harbor seal |
| roahkka | harbor seal |
| rohka | full-grown male seal |
| skávdu | 2-year old harbor seal |
| skuogga | baleen |
| vieksi | young harbor seal |
Features
editA large amount of Sami root words that start with the Č or K sounds tend to be from Paleo-Laplandic. Paleo-Laplandic like Sami had many different words for describing different types of animals, weather, and geographical features they often encountered.[6]
Decline
editThe time from 1 AD to 700 AD was a time of massive change in Sapmi, as Proto-Sami speakers migrated north from Southern Finland and Karelia to northern Fennoscandia. During this process the Paleo-Laplandic language was supplanted by Proto-Sami, though it is unclear if Paleo-Laplandic had any contact with Old Norse.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Weinstock, John (2018). Common Era Sápmi Language Replacement: Motivation and Mechanisms (Technical report). Austin, Texas: University of Texas. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30925.33768.
- ^ Haarmann, Harald (2016). Modern Finland. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-1-4766-2565-2.
- ^ Aikio, Ante (2012). "An Essay on Saami Ethnolinguistic Prehistory" (PDF). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia/Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne (266). Helsinki: 63–117.
- ^ Aikio, Ante (2004). "An Essay on Substrate Studies and the Origin of Saami". In Irma Hyvärinen; Petri Kallio; Jarmo Korhonen (eds.). Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. Vol. 63. Helsinki. pp. 5–34 – via www.academia.edu.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kuzmenko, Jurij K. (2008). Der samische Einfluss auf die skandinavischen Sprachen: Ein Beitrag zur skandinavischen Sprachgeschichte [The Sami Influence on the Scandinavian Languages: A Contribution to the History of the Scandinavian Language] (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Bln Nordeuropa Inst. ISBN 978-3-932406-25-6. OCLC 244629279.
- ^ a b c Aikio, Ante (May 9, 2019). How did Lapland become Saami? Reconstructing the interaction of Proto-Saami, Proto-Norse and Palaeo-Laplandic language communities in the Iron Age. CONTACTS: Archaeology, genetics, languages - joining forces to shed light on early contacts (4000 BC - 1000 AD) between Indo-European and Uralic speakers. Helsinki. pp. 17–36 – via Academia.edu.
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