General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, DSO, MBE, FRHS (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of the Indian Army from 1967 to 1969. He was one of the last British-trained King's Commissioned Indian Officer (KCIO) to serve in the Indian Army, and the last KCIO to lead the Indian Army.
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Early life and education
editKumaramangalam was born to P. Subbarayan, who served as Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of Kumaramangalam from Thiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu.
He was educated at the preparatory St Hugh's School (then in Kent), and at Eton College. He then studied at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and was commissioned into the British Indian Army as an unattached second lieutenant in 1933.[2] He was appointed to the British Indian Army on 12 November 1934.[3]
Military life
editWorld War II
editDuring World War II, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) as a temporary major for action in Libya on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, 2nd Field Regiment, Indian Artillery.[4]
The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:[1]
4 June 1942
Captain (Ty. Major) PARAMASIVA PRABHAKAR KUMARAMANGALAM (IA 1282), 2nd Indian Field Regiment, 3rd Indian Motor Brigade
For great courage and devotion to duty.
On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of BIR HACHEIM, Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he led a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns.
He was taken Prisoner of War (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;[5] however, he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in Germany, where he was transferred to Stalag Luft III, a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.
Postwar
editOn 18 April 1946, Kumaramangalam was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[6] He became an acting Brigadier in 1948, with the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 2 February 1951.[7] As a brigadier, he was appointed to command a paratroop brigade on 14 February 1955,[8] and was given command of an infantry division on 9 September 1956, with the acting rank of major-general.[9]
Kumaramangalam was promoted to substantive major-general on 1 August 1958,[10] and appointed the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College on 25 February 1959.[11] He was appointed Adjutant-General on 5 October 1959, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general.[12] Promoted lieutenant-general on 8 May 1961,[13] he took over as General Officer Commanding, Eastern Command on 1 May 1963, with appointment as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command on 4 April 1964.[14] On 16 November 1964 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff[15] followed by appointment as Vice Chief of the Army Staff on 15 January 1965.[16] General Kumaramangalam took over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1966,[17] the first Indian gunner officer and paratrooper to reach this coveted appointment. The tenure of General Kumaramangalam as Chief of the Army Staff was marked by an unpublicised but exhaustive re-organisation of the service, up-gradation of weapons, training and tactics based on the lessons learned from the 1965 War. He served in the Indian Army with distinction for 36 years until his retirement on 7 June 1969. He received the Padma Vibushan in 1970.
Views on America
editGeneral Kumaramangalam trained at the artillery school in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. From his letters it is evident he was not very impressed with the Americans. He saw them as suffering from an "aggressive inferiority complex" and cautioned a newly independent India against coming under American influence. The following is an excerpt from a letter written by him to C. Rajagopalachari in 1947:
- "This country is not one that I will ever get fond of. I have not got a very high opinion of them. The people that I have to deal with are very kind, hospitable and have been very good to the two of us. But somehow I feel there is a trace of artificiality in that and also it is the result of trying to impress one. They I think are very jealous of the old world and its background and culture and this results in an aggressive inferiority complex. As for their state of morality, there is none. People seem to delight in trying to outwit each other by any means, mainly crooked. The politicians are racketeers and big business has a tight grip on everything in the country. The small country trader and the farmer I think have their hands securely tied by the big men. I do hope that our country proceeds with caution and doesn't get entirely under the influence of the States."[18]
Other interests
editHe was also a polo player, horseman, show jumper, and cricketer. He was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, and president of Indian Polo Association and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the World Wildlife Fund - India (WWF-India) during its formative stages.[19]
Death
editHe died following a heart attack on 13 March 2000.
Awards and decorations
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Dates of rank
edit| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date of rank |
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Second Lieutenant | British Indian Army | 31 August 1933[2] |
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Lieutenant | British Indian Army | 2 May 1935.[20] |
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Captain | British Indian Army | 1940 (acting) 3 February 1940 (temporary)[21] 2 February 1941 (substantive)[22] |
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Major | British Indian Army | 1942 (temporary) 1 July 1946 (substantive)[23] |
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Major | Indian Army | 15 August 1947[note 1][24] |
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Brigadier | Indian Army | 1948 (acting)[note 1][24] |
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Lieutenant-Colonel | Indian Army | 1948[note 1][24] |
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Lieutenant-Colonel | Indian Army | 26 January 1950 (substantive; recommissioning)[24][25] |
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Colonel | Indian Army | 2 February 1951[7] |
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Brigadier | Indian Army | 1955[8] |
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Major General | Indian Army | 9 September 1956 (acting)[9] 1 August 1958 (substantive)[10] |
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Lieutenant-General | Indian Army | 5 October 1959 (acting)[12] 8 May 1961 (substantive)[13] |
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General (COAS) |
Indian Army | 8 June 1966[17] |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."
References
edit- ^ a b "Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar". The National Archives (UK). UK Government. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ a b "No. 33974". The London Gazette. 1 September 1933. p. 5733.
- ^ "No. 34129". The London Gazette. 1 February 1935. p. 775.
- ^ "Page 3543 | Issue 35665, 11 August 1942 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk.
- ^ "Major Kumaramangalam Escapes". The Indian Express. Associated Press. 20 November 1943. p. 1. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ "No. 37536". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1946. p. 1949.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 24 March 1951. p. 57.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 9 April 1955. p. 72.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 5 January 1957. p. 2.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 24 October 1959. p. 261.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 9 May 1959. p. 2.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 21 November 1959. p. 286.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 16 September 1961. p. 245.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 2 May 1964. p. 172.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 19 December 1964. p. 509.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 6 February 1965. p. 73.
- ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 25 June 1966. p. 375.
- ^ P.P. Kumaramangalam to C. Rajagopalachari, 22 December 1947, in File 82, Fifth Installment, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, NMML.
- ^ "List of Chief of Army staff of the Indian army". 17 April 2012.
- ^ "No. 34173". The London Gazette. 21 June 1935. p. 4012.
- ^ Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I). Government of India Press. 1945. p. 187.
- ^ "No. 35165". The London Gazette. 16 May 1941. p. 2827.
- ^ "No. 38069". The London Gazette. 12 September 1947. p. 4286.
- ^ a b c d "New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 11 February 1950. p. 227.