The Ostromir Gospels (Russian: Остромирово Евангелие) is the oldest dated book of Kievan Rus'. Archeologists have dated the Novgorod Codex, a wax writing tablet with excerpts from the Psalms, discovered in 2000, to an earlier time range, but unlike the Ostromir Gospels, it does not contain an explicit date. It is currently held in the National Library of Russia.[1]
The Ostromir Gospels was created in 1056 or 1057 (the year 6564 in the Byzantine calendar) by the deacon Gregory for his patron Ostromir, the posadnik of Novgorod, probably as a gift for a monastery.
Description
editThe book is an illuminated manuscript Gospel Book lectionary containing only feast-day and Sunday readings. It is written in a large uncial hand in two columns on 294 parchment sheets of the size 20 x 24 cm. Each page contains eighteen lines. The book is concluded by the scribe's notice about the circumstances of its creation.
Three full page evangelist portraits survive, by two different artists, and many pages have decorative elements. The close resemblance between this and the equivalent pages in the Mstislav Lectionary suggests they are both based on a common prototype, now lost. The two artists who produced the evangelist portraits were both heavily influenced by Byzantine models, but the style of the portraits of Saints Mark and Luke seems to derive from Byzantine enamelled plaques rather than manuscripts.
More early Russian manuscripts have survived from Novgorod, which was never occupied by the Mongols, than any other centre.[2] Like other medieval Russian manuscripts, the Ostromir Gospels is written in a peculiar local version of Church Slavonic.[3] For example, the word "водоу" ('water') is found rather than the correct Old Slavonic accusative form "водж", and the word "дрѫже" ('friend') is found rather than "дроуже" in the vocative form.[3]
Later history
editIt is thought that the book was taken from one of Novgorod's monasteries to the personal collection of the Russian tsars in the Moscow Kremlin, where it was first registered in 1701. Peter the Great ordered that it be taken to St. Petersburg, where there was no mention of it until 1805, when it was discovered in the dressing room of the late Catherine the Great.
The Gospels were deposited in the Imperial Public Library in St Petersburg, where it remains. Alexander Vostokov was the first to study it in depth, demonstrating that the Church Slavonic of the manuscript reflects the East Slavic linguistic background of the scribe. The first facsimile edition was published under Vostokov's supervision in 1843.
In 1932, the gem-studded book-cover induced a plumber to break into a case, remove and steal the binding, and hide the parchments behind a bookcase. Although the book was quickly recovered, no replacement binding has been provided to date.
See also
edit- Codex Zographensis (late 10th century or early 11th century)
- Novgorod Codex (first quarter of the 11th century)
- Svyatoslav's Miscellanies (1073, 1076)
- Archangel Gospel (1092)
- Mariinsky Gospel (11th century)
- Mstislav Gospel (1117)
- Yuriev Gospel (1119)
- Halych Gospel (1144)
- Dobrila Gospel (1164)
- Pantaleon Gospel (12th century)
- Eusebius Gospel (1282)
- Chelm Gospel (13th century)
References
edit- ^ Stam, David H. (November 2001). International Dictionary of Library Histories. Routledge. p. 561. ISBN 978-1-136-77785-1.
- ^ Popova, Olga, Russian Illuminated Manuscripts, Thames & Hudson, London (or Braziller NY), 1984, nos 1-5, & pp 5-9
- ^ a b Винокур, Григорий Осипович (2 April 1971). The Russian Language: A Brief History. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-07944-0.
Further reading
edit- Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D., The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261, no. 198, 1997, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 9780810965072; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
External links
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