The Nyah Kur language, also called Chao-bon (Thai: ชาวบน), is an Austroasiatic language spoken by remnants of the Mon people of Dvaravati, the Nyah Kur people, who live in present-day Thailand. Nyah Kur shares 69% lexical similarity with Mon, the only other language in the Monic language family.[2]
| Nyah Kur | |
|---|---|
| ญัฮกุร | |
| Native to | Thailand |
Native speakers | 1,500 (2006)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Early form | |
| Dialects |
|
| Thai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cbn |
| Glottolog | nyah1250 |
| ELP | Nyahkur |
 | |
Distribution
editNyah Kur (ɲɑ̤h kur) is spoken by a few thousand people in the central and northeastern provinces (Sidwell 2009:113-114). According to Premsrirat (2002), there are 4,000 to 6,000 speakers of Nyah Kur, the vast majority living in Chaiyaphum Province. The northern dialects of Phetchabun Province are highly endangered.
- Southern dialects
- Chaiyaphum Province
- Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Dan Khun Thot District, Pak Thong Chai District, and Khong District)
- Northern dialects
- Phetchabun Province (Ban Thaduang, etc.)
- Phitsanulok Province (Nakhon Thai District)
The northern-southern bipartite classification is from Theraphan L-Thongkum's 1984 multi-dialectal Nyah Kur dictionary. However, Gerard Diffloth considers Nyah Kur to be made up of three dialects, namely North, Central, and South.
Classification
editBeing the only languages of the Monic branch of the Mon–Khmer language family, Mon and Nyah Kur are very closely related.
History
editThe modern-day speakers of Nyah Kur are the descendants of the Mon who did not flee west when the Khmer overran their empire in the 9th and 11th centuries. Consequently, modern Mon and Nyah Kur have both developed directly from Old Mon independently for almost a millennium.
Nyah Kur was discovered by linguists early in the 20th century, but was not recognized as being related (in fact a "sister" language) to Mon for nearly 70 years.
Due to integration into Thai society, the number of speakers of Nyah Kur as a first language is rapidly decreasing and some predict the language will become extinct within the next century unless the current course is reversed. Language change influenced by Thai is also occurring as younger generations pronounce certain phonemes different from older generations. For instance, final -/r/ and -/l/, which do not occur as finals in Thai, are now often pronounced as -[n] by younger generations (Premsrirat 2002). However, since the younger generations also generally have positive attitudes about their language and support the idea of having an orthography for Nyah Kur, the language may be preserved (Premsrirat 2002).
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | c cʰ | k kʰ | ʔ |
| Fricatives | (f) | (s) | ç | h | |
| Nasals | m̥ m | n̥ n | ɲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | |
| Approximant | ʍ w | l̥ l | j | ||
| Trill | r̥ r |
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unround | round | |||
| Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | ɤ ɤː | o oː | |
| Open | ɛ ɛː | a aː | ʌ | ɔ ɔː |
- All vowels can have breathy voice e.g. /a̤/
Diphthongs
edit| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unround | round | ||
| Close | ia | ua | ɯa |
Orthography
editNyah Kur is written in the Thai alphabet. Here the Thai Nyah Kur orthography will be shown side by side with a mix of traditional Mon and Khamti script. Mon being the only extant linguistic relative of Nyah Kur within the Monic branch of Austroasiatic languages and Khamti being close relative of Standard Thai, the likes of which has influenced Nyah Kur greatly in terms of phonology, but unlike Thai, uses a derivative of the Mon-Burmese script similar to Mon.
Consonants
edit- ก/က - [k]
- ค/ခ - [kʰ]
- ง/ၚ - [ŋ]
- จ/စ - [c]
- ช/ဆ - [cʰ]
- ญ/ဉ - [ɲ]
- ด/ဒ - [d]
- ต/တ - [t]
- ท/ထ - [tʰ]
- น/န - [n]
- บ/ၜ - [b]
- ป/ပ - [p]
- พ/ဖ - [pʰ]
- ฟ/ꩯ - [f]
- ม/မ - [m]
- ย/ယ - [j]
- ร/ရ - [r]
- ล/လ - [l]
- ว/ဝ - [w]
- ซ/သ - [ç/s]
- ฮ/ဟ - [h]
- ฮง/ငှ - [ŋ̊]
- ฮน/နှ - [n̥]
- ฮม/မှ - [m̥]
- ฮร/ရှ - [r̥]
- ฮล/လှ - [l̥~l]
- ฮว/ဝှ - [ʍ]
- อ/အ - [ʔ][Placeholder]
Vowels
edit- อะ,อั/ ႊ - [a]
- อา/ ာ - [aː]
- อิ/ ိ - [i]
- อี/ ဳ - [iː]
- อึ/ ို - [ɯ]
- อื/ ိုဝ် - [ɯː]
- อุ/ ု - [u]
- อู/ ူ - [uː]
- เอ็/ ေ - [e]
- เอ/ ေဝ်- [eː]
- แอะ/ ႄ - [ɛ]
- แอ/ ႄဝ် - [ɛː]
- โอะ,โอ็/ ဴ - [o]
- โอ/ ဴဝ် - [oː]
- เอาะ,อ็อ/ ွ - [ɔ]
- ออ/ ွဝ် - [ɔː]
- เออะ/ ိူ - [ɤ]
- เออ,เอิ/ ိူဝ် - [ɤː]
- เอ็อ/ ဵု - [ʌ]
- เอา/ ်ွ - [aw]
- เอีย/ ႅ - [iə]
- เอือ/ ိုဝ် - [ɯə]
- อัว,-ว-/ ွ - [uə][4]
Further reading
edit- Premsrirat, Suwilai. 2002. "The Future of Nyah Kur." Bauer, Robert S. (ed.) 2002. Collected papers on Southeast Asian and Pacific languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
References
edit- ^ Nyah Kur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
- ^ "Upsid Nyah Kur".
- ^ "Nyah Kur language". Omniglot. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- Diffloth, G. (1984). The Dvaravati Old-Mon language and Nyah Kur. Chulalongkorn University Printing House, Bangkok. ISBN 974-563-783-1
- Huffman, F.E. (1990). Burmese Mon, Thai Mon and Nyah Kur: a synchronic comparison. Mon-Khmer Studies 16-17, pp. 31–64
- Sidwell, Paul (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
External links
editFurther reading
edit- Theraphan L. Thongkum. (1984). Nyah Kur (Chao bon)–Thai–English dictionary. Monic language studies, vol. 2. Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University Printing House. ISBN 974-563-785-8
- Memanas, Payau (1979). A description of Chaobon: an Austroasiatic language in Thailand. Mahidol University MA thesis.