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American Baptist Churches USA

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Not to be confused with American Baptist Association.

The American Baptist Churches USA (ABCUSA) is a Baptist Christian denomination established in 1907 as the Northern Baptist Convention, and named the American Baptist Convention from 1950 to 1972. It traces its history to the First Baptist Church in America (1638) and the Baptist congregational associations which organized the Triennial Convention in 1814.

American Baptist Churches USA
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationBaptist
TheologyEvangelical and Mainline
PolityCongregationalist
AssociationsNational Council of Churches;
Baptist World Alliance
RegionUnited States
HeadquartersKing of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
OriginMay 17, 1907 (1907-05-17)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Merger ofTriennial Convention related boards
Free Will Baptist General Conference (1911)
SeparationsGeneral Association of Regular Baptist Churches (1932)
Conservative Baptist Association of America (1947)
Congregations4,892 [1]
Members1,107,206 [2]
Missionary organizationInternational Ministries
Tertiary institutions16
Seminaries10
Other name(s)Northern Baptist Convention (1907–1950)
American Baptist Convention (1950–1972)
Official websitewww.abc-usa.org

Headquartered in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, ABCUSA is considered mainline, although varying theological and mission emphases may be found among its congregations, including modernist, charismatic and evangelical orientations.[3]

History

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Colonial New England Baptists

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American Baptist Churches USA have their origins in the First Baptist Church in Providence, Rhode Island, now the First Baptist Church in America, founded in 1638 by the minister Roger Williams.[4][5] Regarded by the more dogmatic Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a heretic for his religious separatism, Williams was banished into the New England wilderness where he and his followers created the settlement of Providence and later, the colony of Rhode Island. Williams is credited with being the founder of the Baptist movement in America, the founder of the state of Rhode Island, and the first highly visible public leader in America to call for the separation of church and state.

 
The First Baptist Church in America was formed in 1638 in Providence, Rhode Island.

Triennial Convention

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Having a congregational polity, early Baptist churches in America operated independently from one another, following an array of Protestant theological paths, but were often unified in their mission to evangelize. In the 18th century, they sometimes created local congregational associations for support, fellowship, and work (such as the founding of Brown University in 1764). The evangelical mission led to the establishment of the national Triennial Convention in 1814, a collaborative effort by local churches to organize, fund, and deploy missionaries.[6] The ABCUSA descends from this Triennial Convention. Through the Triennial Convention structure a number of mission-oriented societies were formed, including the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (1814), American Baptist Home Mission Society (1832), American Baptist Publication Society (1841), and the American Baptist Education Society (1888).

In 1845, a majority of Baptists in the South withdrew support from the Triennial Convention—largely in response to the decision of its delegates to ban slave holders from becoming ordained missionaries—and formed the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC).[7] The Triennial Convention was loosely structured, and the SBC offered Baptists a more centralized organizational structure for carrying on missionary and benevolent work. In contrast, however, the Triennial Convention afforded local churches a higher degree of local autonomy, a more traditional characteristic of Baptist polity. The majority of churches in the North continued to work through these separate cooperating societies for missions and benevolence.

In 1882, May Jones became the first ordained woman minister in the convention.[8]

Northern Baptist Convention

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At Calvary Baptist Church in Washington DC, the Northern Baptist Convention first met to bring the 19th century mission societies of the Triennial Convention closer together

The Northern Baptist Convention was founded in Washington, D.C., on May 17, 1907.[9] Charles Evans Hughes, then Governor of New York and later Chief Justice of the United States, served the body as its first president.

The purpose of the Northern Baptist Convention was to bring about a consistent cooperation among the separate Baptist bodies then existing. It was the first step in bringing together Baptists in the North "with ties to the historic American Baptist mission societies in the nineteenth century."[10] These had contributed to establishing many schools for freedmen in the South after the American Civil War, as well as working on issues of health and welfare. Many of their missionaries and members had worked as teachers in the South. In 1911, most of the churches of the Free Will Baptist General Conference merged with it.

Due to the development of theological liberalism in some affiliated seminaries, such as Crozer Theological Seminary, conservative seminaries have been founded by convention pastors, including the Northern Baptist Theological Seminary in Chicago in 1913 and the Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Philadelphia in 1925.[11][12]

American Baptist Convention

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Emmanuel Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York City, affiliated with ABCUSA

The name of the convention was changed in 1950 to the American Baptist Convention (ABC), and it operated under this name until 1972.[13] It was the second step at bringing together on a national level Baptists with ties to the mission societies. The ABC was characterized from 1950 to 1966 with annual resolutions at its conventions having to do with the civil rights movement and race relations.

Without exception, these resolutions were progressive and genuinely encompassing. They addressed both the need for individual change in attitude and action, and the need for broader social change that could only be instituted through political action.[10]

As in many cases, the rhetoric of the annual conventions was sometimes ahead of local activity, but the denomination gradually made progress. In 1964, it created the Baptist Action for Racial Brotherhood (BARB), which early the next year produced a pamphlet outlining actions for change in local churches. In 1968, the national convention was challenged by "Black American Baptist Churchmen Speak To the American Baptist Convention," demands that challenged how the denomination had "conducted its business relative to black American Baptists."[10]

The black churchmen said the convention had excluded them from decision-making positions, even while working with good intentions on behalf of black American Baptists. The following year, Dr. Thomas Kilgore Jr., pastor of the Second Baptist Church of Los Angeles, was elected the first black president of the convention. The 1968 convention also voted to create the Study Commission on Denominational Structure (SCODS). Its recommendations changed the denomination in a variety of ways, after being adopted at the 1972 convention.[10]

American Baptist Churches USA

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To reflect its new structure, the convention in 1972 changed its name to the American Baptist Churches USA.[13] Rather than relying on decision-making at the annual convention by whichever churches happened to send delegates, the SCODS restructuring resulted in the following:

A General Board was composed of duly elected representatives from geographically designated districts. Three-fourths of those representatives would be elected by the American Baptist regional bodies; one-fourth would be elected as at-large representatives, or in the official terminology, "Nationally Nominated Representatives". These representatives would be "chosen so as to provide the necessary balance among the Representatives in respect of racial/ethnic inclusiveness, geographic area, age, gender, and desirable skills.[10]

Governance

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The American Baptists Churches USA has a congregationalist polity emphasizing local church autonomy. Local churches are organized into 33 regions; the ABCUSA General Board makes policy for the denomination's national agencies.[14]

However, board resolutions are not binding on local congregations. Three-fourths of the representatives to the ABCUSA General Board are nominated and elected by the regions. One-fourth of the representatives are nominated by the ABCUSA Nominating Committee and are elected by the regions. The General Secretary of the ABCUSA executes the policies and decisions of the General Board. Rev. Dr. Lee B. Spitzer was called as ABCUSA General Secretary on May 8, 2017.[15]

A substantial portion of the ABCUSA consists of historically and predominantly African American churches that may have joint affiliations with the ABCUSA and historic bodies such as the National Baptist Convention or the Progressive National Baptist Convention. Abyssinian Baptist Church in New York City is one of the many African American churches jointly affiliated with the ABCUSA and National Baptist Convention.[16] Since 1970, the ABCUSA and Progressive National Baptists have officially partnered.[17]

Regions

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The ABCUSA consists of 33 regional associations and conventions:

Region Headquarters Area(s) served Number of churches Executive minister Notes
American Baptist Churches of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska The state of Alaska 11 Alonzo B. Patterson
American Baptist Churches of Connecticut West Hartford, Connecticut The state of Connecticut 120 Rev. Dr. Harry Riggs II
American Baptist Churches of Greater Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana The Indianapolis Metro Area 39 Rev. Joan C. Friesen
American Baptist Churches of Indiana and Kentucky Franklin, Indiana Most of Indiana (except for Indianapolis), and five churches in Kentucky 290 Rev. Mark A Thompson Previously known as:
General Association of Baptists in the State of Indiana (1833–64)
Indiana State Baptist Convention (1864–1896)
Indiana Baptist Convention (1896–1987)
American Baptist Churches of Indiana (1987–2000)
American Baptist Churches of Indiana and Kentucky (since 2000)
This region's legal name is still the Indiana Baptist Convention.
American Baptist Churches of Los Angeles, Southwest, and Hawaii Glendale, California Southern California (including the Los Angeles Metro Area), Hawaii, Arizona, and the Las Vegas Metro Area 151 Andrew Quient
American Baptist Churches of Massachusetts Groton, Massachusetts The state of Massachusetts 246 Rev. Dr. Mary Day Miller One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
American Baptist Churches of Metro Chicago Chicago, Illinois The Chicago area 57 Rev. David Gregg One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
American Baptist Churches of Metro New York New York City, New York The New York Metropolitan Area 191 Rev. Dr. Cheryl F. Dudley One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
American Baptist Churches of Michigan East Lansing, Michigan The state of Michigan 137 Rev. Brian Johnson Formerly known as the Michigan Baptist Convention
American Baptist Churches of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska The state of Nebraska 63 Rev. Dr. Robin D. Stoops
American Baptist Churches of New Jersey Trenton, New Jersey The state of New Jersey 277 Rev. Miriam Mendez
American Baptist Churches of New York State Syracuse, New York Most of New York, except for the Rochester-Genesee and Metro NYC areas 282 Rev. Dr. James Kelsey
American Baptist Churches of Ohio Granville, Ohio Most of Ohio, except for the Cleveland area 250
Rev. Mark E. Click
American Baptist Churches of Pennsylvania and Delaware Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Most of Pennsylvania (except for Philadelphia) and all of Delaware 300 Rev. Mark Mahserjian-Smith & Rev. Jeffrey Johnson
American Baptist Churches of Puerto Rico Carolina, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 113 Rev. Edgardo M. Caraballo Known in Spanish as "Iglesias Bautistas de Puerto Rico"
American Baptist Churches of Rhode Island Exeter, Rhode Island The state of Rhode Island 69 Rev. Dr. Courtny Davis Olds
American Baptist Churches of the Central Pacific Coast Portland, Oregon Central and Northern California, western Oregon, and two churches in Washington 72 Steve Bils
American Baptist Churches of the Central Region Topeka, Kansas Kansas, 14 churches in Oklahoma, one church in Arkansas 205 Gregg Hemmen Formerly known as the Kansas Baptist Convention until 1979
American Baptist Churches of the Dakotas Sioux Falls, South Dakota North Dakota and South Dakota 50 Rev. Dr. Aaron Kilbourn
American Baptist Churches of the Great Rivers Region Springfield, Illinois Most of Illinois (except for the Chicago area), and all of Missouri 205 Patty King Bilyeu
American Baptist Churches of the Rochester/Genesee Region Rochester, New York Mainly the Rochester/Genesee area, but other churches from 11 states affiliate with this region (see notes) 51 Rev. Dr. Sandra L. DeMott Hasenauer One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life.
Churches from other states that either left or were removed from their region over the LGBTQ+ issue affiliate with this region.
American Baptist Churches of the Rocky Mountains Centennial, Colorado Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming Rev. Dr. Steve Van Ostran
American Baptist Churches of the South Woodlawn, Maryland Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia 234 Rev. Dr. James Mitchell Harrison
American Baptist Churches of Vermont and New Hampshire West Lebanon, New Hampshire Vermont and New Hampshire 147 Rev. Dale R. Edwards
American Baptist Churches of Wisconsin Elm Grove, Wisconsin The state of Wisconsin 61 Rev. Mindi Welton-Mitchell One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
Cleveland Baptist Association Cleveland, Ohio The Cleveland metropolitan area 39 Rev. Dr. Yvonne B. Carter
District of Columbia Baptist Convention Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 139 Rev. Trisha Miller Manarin This body has 151 churches total, but only 139 are affiliated with the ABCUSA. This body was dually aligned with the ABCUSA and the Southern Baptist Convention until May 2018.
Evergreen Association of American Baptist Churches Kent, Washington Washington and portions of Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah 55 Douglas Avilesbernal One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
Growing Healthy Churches Clovis, California Mainly central California, but churches from several states affiliate with this region. 167 Dr. Timothy H. Brown
Mid-American Baptist Churches Urbandale, Iowa Iowa and Minnesota 123 Rev. Jacquline Saxon
Mission Northwest Post Falls, Idaho Primarily Idaho, Washington, Montana, and Utah, with one church each in Nevada, California, Arizona, and Alaska 156 Dr. Charles E. Revis
Philadelphia Baptist Association Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia metropolitan area 121 Rev. Dr. James E. McJunkin Jr. Oldest continuous association of Baptist churches, established in 1707. One of seven ABCUSA regions known to support full inclusion of LGBTQ+ persons into Baptist life
West Virginia Baptist Convention Parkersburg, West Virginia The state of West Virginia 345 Dr. Michael Sisson

Statistics

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In 1925, there were just over 1.4 million members.[18] Membership peaked in the early 1980s at around 1.6 million. Since the beginning of the 21st century, membership began to decline and stagnate again, with the ABCUSA reporting 1,145,647 members in 5,057 churches at the end of 2017. According to a census published by the denomination in 2024, it claimed 4,802 churches and 1,107,206 members.[19]

The majority of its congregations are concentrated in the Midwest and Northeast United States.[20]

According to a study by the Pew Research Center in 2014, 21% of its members were aged 18–29; 28% 30–49; 32% aged 50–64 and 19% aged 65 and older. While 51% of its membership were Baby Boomers, the Silent Generation, and the Greatest Generation, the remainder were Generation X, older millennials, and younger millennials,[21] making it slightly younger than the National Baptist Convention and Southern Baptist Convention.[22][23] Approximately 40% of its membership were men and 60% were women, and the ABCUSA's churches were 73% non-Hispanic white, 10% Black or African American, 1% Asian, 11% Hispanic or Latino American, and 5% multiracial or other.

Theologically, the Pew Research Center's 2014 study determined 83% of the ABCUSA believes in God with absolute certainty, and 15% believed fairly certainly; 73% believed religion was very important and 24% considered it somewhat important. About 42% of members attended churches at least once a week, while 41% attended once or twice a month; 16% seldom or never attend church. An estimated 69% prayed daily, and 19% prayed weekly. Among its membership, 48% read Scripture at least once a week, and 15% once or twice a month; 53% believe the Bible should be taken literally, while 27% believe it is still the Word of God, yet shouldn't be taken completely literally.[21]

Beliefs

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Several congregations of the American Baptist Churches USA affirm the historic New Hampshire Confession of Faith.[24][25] American Baptists believe that the Bible is the inspired word of God and the final authority in matters of faith.[26] The ABCUSA affirms the Trinity, that the one God exists as three persons in complete unity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. They confess Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord through whom those who believe can have fellowship with God. He died, taking on the sins of the world, and was resurrected, triumphing over sin and death.[27]

ABCUSA churches recognize two ordinances: believer's baptism and the Lord's Supper. Baptism is by immersion, and those being baptized must be of an age to understand its significance. Believing in the priesthood of all believers, the ABCUSA avoids using creeds, affirming the freedom of individual Christians and local churches to interpret scripture as the Holy Spirit leads them. The ABCUSA affirms the ordination of women.[27]

LGBTQ and same-sex marriages

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Homosexual issues have been a point of contention in the ABCUSA since the 1987 Biennial Meeting.[28] In 1992, the ABCUSA General Board adopted a resolution that stated, "We affirm that the practice of homosexuality is incompatible with Christian teaching."

Since 1995, regional conventions of the church have carried out excommunications of various churches which have become members of the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists founded in 1993, an association favorable to the inclusion of homosexuals, a belief contrary to a resolution adopted by the denomination.[29][30]

So far, at least seven regions in the ABCUSA (Evergreen, Wisconsin, Rochester-Genesee, Metro Chicago, Metropolitan New York, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia) support full inclusion of homosexuals into Baptist life.[31] Many ABCUSA churches have also partnered with the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists, which formed at the 1993 Biennial Meeting.

However, several other ABCUSA regions and churches have opposed affirmation of homosexuality, bisexuality, and transgender identity. In 2004, the ABC Central Region reaffirmed the 1992 resolution.[32] At its 2005 annual meeting, the West Virginia Baptist Convention, which had a history of proposing resolutions opposing liberal views on homosexual inclusion,[28] narrowly rejected a proposal to withdraw from the ABCUSA over its refusal to discipline those regions that have supported homosexual-friendly policies.[31] The Indiana-Kentucky region has also proposed a change in the denomination's bylaws that would prohibit the transfer of churches into another region if removed from the region because of the issue of homosexuality.[31]

In 2006, American Baptist Churches of the Pacific Southwest split from the convention due to the convention's laxity with churches on enforcing a 1992 resolution that opposes the inclusion of homosexual people and have been renamed Transformation Ministries.[33] The convention responded that it wanted to respect the autonomy of local churches and that it did not want to carry out excommunications.

Each local congregation is autonomous and permitted to perform same-sex marriages if they opt to do so.[34] For example, Calvary Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.), affiliated with the ABCUSA, performs same-sex marriages.[35] In 2013, an ABCUSA congregation in Washington, DC, ordained the denomination's first openly transgender pastor.[36]

The ABCUSA has consistently allowed each congregation to determine whether or not to perform same-sex marriages, or ordain LGBT clergy.[37] The ABCUSA General Board voted in 2005 to amend the declaration We are American Baptists to define marriage as "between one man and one woman" and maintain that "the practice of homosexuality is incompatible with Biblical teaching."[37] However, the denomination has never officially adopted the board's statement, and has also stated "We respect and will continue to respect congregational freedom on this issue".[37]

Schools

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Entrance to Judson University in Elgin, Illinois, affiliated with the Convention

The ABCUSA has 16 affiliated universities and colleges affiliated with it,[38] and a number of home and foreign missionary societies such as the American Baptist Home Mission Society and International Ministries. Among its universities and colleges, some are also dually-affiliated with the National Baptists—a predominantly African American or Black Baptist denomination founded by freedmen and slaves. Additionally, there are 10 seminaries affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA:[39]

Notable members

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Includes Northern Baptists (1907–1950) and American Baptists (1950–present)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ https://baptistworld.org/members/
  2. ^ https://baptistworld.org/members/
  3. ^ McBeth, H Leon (1987), The Baptist Heritage, Broadman, pp. 596–608.
  4. ^ Earle E. Cairns, Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, Zondervan, USA, 2009, p. 362
  5. ^ William Cathcart, The Baptist Encyclopedia – Volume 3, The Baptist Standard Bearer, USA, 2001, p. 977
  6. ^ Robert E. Johnson, A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 142
  7. ^ "Report on Slavery and Racism in the History of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary" (PDF). Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. December 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  8. ^ Erich Geldbach, Baptists Worldwide: Origins, Expansions, Emerging Realities, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2022, p. 110
  9. ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 9
  10. ^ a b c d e Martin, Dana (Winter 1999), "The American Baptist Convention and the Civil Rights Movement: Rhetoric and Response", Baptist History and Heritage.
  11. ^ James Leo Garrett, Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study, Mercer University Press, USA, 2009, p. 330
  12. ^ William H. Brackney, Congregation and Campus: Baptists in Higher Education, Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 295
  13. ^ a b George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 61
  14. ^ ABCUSA. "General Board". Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  15. ^ "Rev. Dr. Lee B. Spitzer Called as ABCUSA General Secretary". May 9, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  16. ^ "Find A Church". ABCUSA. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  17. ^ "PNBC 1970 Minutes" (PDF). Southern Baptist Historical Library & Archives. 1970. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  18. ^ "American Baptist Churches in the USA". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  19. ^ https://baptistworld.org/members/
  20. ^ Data from the 2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study, The Arda[permanent dead link‍].
  21. ^ a b "Religious Landscape Study: American Baptist Churches USA". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  22. ^ "Religious Landscape Study: National Baptist Convention". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  23. ^ "Religious Landscape Study: Southern Baptist Convention". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  24. ^ Brackney, William H. (2008). Congregation and Campus: Baptists in Higher Education. Mercer University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-88146-130-5.
  25. ^ "What We Believe". Ruggles Baptist Church. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  26. ^ ABCUSA. "10 Facts You Should Know About American Baptists". Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  27. ^ a b ABCUSA. "We Are Guided by God's Word". Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  28. ^ a b Timeline of Responses / Actions Pertaining to Homosexuality (PDF) (Report). Topeka, KS: American Baptist Churches USA. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021 – via American Baptist Churches Central Region (abccr.org).
  29. ^ Religion News Service, 4 Churches Expelled for Outreach to Gays, Los Angeles Times, January 13, 1996
  30. ^ Jeff Brumley, 25 years ago this week, five Baptist churches were booted for affirming gay members, baptistnews.com, USA, January 5, 2021
  31. ^ a b c Tomlin, Gregory (May 18, 2006). "Split among American Baptists over homosexuality is final". Baptist Press (baptistpress.com). Southern Baptist Convention.
  32. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". American Baptist Churches Central Region (abccr.org). Topeka, KS.
  33. ^ ABPNEWS, Pacific region leaves ABC over homosexuality issue, baptistnews.com, USA, May 15, 2006
  34. ^ "Meet Allyson Robinson, the first openly transgender Baptist minister". Christian Today (christiantoday.com). London, UK. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  35. ^ Burke, Daniel (March 27, 2010). "Clergy torn over church / civil loyalties over same-sex marriage". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  36. ^ Allen, Bob (July 10, 2014). "Baptist church ordains transgender woman". Baptist News Global (baptistnews.com). Conversations that matter. Jacksonville, FL. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  37. ^ a b c Roach, David (July 20, 2015). "Gay marriage: Mainline denominations affirm SCOTUS". Baptist Press (bpnews.net). National News, World & Politics. Nashville, TN: Southern Baptist Convention. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  38. ^ American Baptist Home Mission Societies, Colleges and Universities, abhms.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022
  39. ^ American Baptist Home Mission Societies, Seminaries, abhms.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022
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Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Northern Baptists.
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