Norman or Norman French (Normaund, French: Normand [nɔʁmɑ̃] , Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is a langue d'oïl.[5][6] The name "Norman French" is sometimes also used to describe the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England. For the most part, the written forms of Norman and modern French are mutually intelligible. The thirteenth-century philosopher Roger Bacon was the first to distinguish it along with other dialects such as Picard and Bourguignon.[7] Today, although it does not enjoy any official status, some reports of the French Ministry of Culture have recognized it as one of the regional languages of France.[8]
| Norman | |
|---|---|
| Normaund | |
| Native to |
Previously used:
|
| Region | Normandy |
| Ethnicity | Normans |
Native speakers | Total: 102.240 (2011–2015)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Latin (French orthography) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Jersey (Jèrriais)
•  Normandy |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nrf (partial: Guernésiais & Jèrriais) |
| Glottolog | norm1245 |
| ELP | Norman |
| Linguasphere | & 51-AAA-hd 51-AAA-hc & 51-AAA-hd |
| IETF | nrf |
 Areas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey, Guernsey, the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux. | |
History
editWhen Norse Vikings from modern day Scandinavia arrived in Neustria, in the western part of the then Kingdom of the Franks, and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these North-Germanic–speaking people came to live among a local Gallo-Romance–speaking population.[9] In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from Old Norse language and Norse culture. Later, when conquering England, the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate, thereby adopting the speech of the local English.[citation needed] In both cases, the elites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories.
In Normandy, the Norman language inherited only some 150 words from Old Norse.[10] The influence on phonology is disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated /h/ and /k/ in Norman is due to Norse influence.[citation needed]
Geographical distribution
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France, where it has no official status, but is classed as a regional language. It is taught in a few colleges near Cherbourg-Octeville.
In the Channel Islands, the Norman language has developed separately, but not in isolation, to form:
- Jèrriais (in Jersey)
- Guernésiais or Dgèrnésiais or Guernsey French (in Guernsey)
- Sercquiais (or Sarkese, in Sark)
- Auregnais (in Alderney)
The British and Irish governments recognize Jèrriais and Guernésiais as regional languages within the framework of the British–Irish Council. Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th-century Jèrriais used by the original colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island.
The last first-language speakers of Auregnais, the dialect of Norman spoken on Alderney, died during the 20th century, although some rememberers are still alive. The dialect of Herm also lapsed at an unknown date; the patois spoken there was likely Guernésiais (Herm was not inhabited all year round in the Norman culture's heyday).
An isogloss termed the "Joret line" (ligne Joret) separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line runs from Granville, Manche to the French-speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thiérache). Dialectal differences also distinguish western and eastern dialects.[citation needed]
Three different standardized spellings are used: continental Norman, Jèrriais, and Dgèrnésiais. These represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman. Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language.
The Anglo-Norman dialect of Norman served as a language of administration in England following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts (though it was also influenced by Parisian French). In Ireland, Norman remained strongest in the area of south-east Ireland, where the Hiberno-Normans invaded in 1169. Norman remains in (limited) use for some very formal legal purposes in the UK, such as when the monarch gives royal assent to an Act of Parliament using the phrase, "Le Roy (la Reyne) le veult" ("The King (the Queen) wills it").
The Norman conquest of southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries brought the language to Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, where it may have left a few words in the Sicilian language. See: Norman and French influence on Sicilian.
Literature in Norman ranges from early Anglo-Norman literature through the 19th-century Norman literary renaissance to modern writers (see list of Norman-language writers).
As of 2017[update], the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois dialect) in the east. Ease of access from Paris and the popularity of the coastal resorts of central Normandy, such as Deauville, in the 19th century led to a significant loss of distinctive Norman culture in the central low-lying areas of Normandy.
Old French influences
editNorman French preserves a number of Old French words which have been lost in Modern French. Examples of Norman French words of Old French origin:
| Norman French | Old French | French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| alosier | alosier | se vanter, se targuer | to brag, to pride oneself on |
| ardre | ardre, ardeir | brûler | to burn |
| caeir | caeir, caïr | «choir», tomber | to drop, to fall over |
| calengier | calungier, chalongier (became challenge in English) |
négocier, débattre | to negotiate, to argue |
| d'ot | od, ot | avec | with |
| de l'hierre (f.) de l'hierru (m.) |
de l'iere | du lierre | of ivy |
| déhait | dehait | chagrin, malheur | grief, hardship |
| ébauber, ébaubir | esbaubir | étonner | to surprise |
| éclairgir | esclargier | éclaircir | to lighten |
| écourre | escurre, escudre | secouer | to shake, to mix |
| essourdre | essurdre, exsurdre | élever | to raise, to lift |
| haingre (adj.) | haingre | maigre | thin, skinny |
| haingue (f.) | haenge | haine | hatred |
| haiset (m.) | haise | barrière or clôture de jardin faites de branches | garden fence |
| herdre | erdre | adhérer, être adhérant, coller | to adhere, to stick |
| hourder | order | souiller | to make something dirty |
| iloc (with a silent c) | iloc, iluec | là | there |
| itel / intel | itel | semblable | similar |
| liement | liement, liéement | tranquillement | quietly, peacefully |
| maishî | maishui, meshui | maintenant, désormais | now, from now on |
| manuyaunce | manuiance | avoir la jouissance, la possession | to have enjoyment |
| marcaundier | marcandier | rôdeur, vagabond | prowler, walker |
| marcauntier | marcantier | mouchard, colporteur | canary |
| marganer | marganer | moquer | to make fun of, to mock |
| marganier | marganier | moqueur, quelqu'un qui se moque | mocking, teasing |
| méhain | meshaing, mehain | mauvaise disposition, malaise | loss of consciousness, feeling of faintness |
| méhaignié | meshaignié | malade, blessé | sick, injured |
| méselle | mesele | lèpre | leprosy |
| mésiau or mésel | mesel | lépreux | leper |
| moûtrer | mustrer | montrer | to show |
| muchier | mucier | cacher | to conceal / to hide |
| nartre (m.) | nastre | traître | traitor |
| nâtre (adj.) | nastre | méchant, cruel | mean, nasty |
| nienterie (f.) | nienterie | niaiserie | nonsense, insanity |
| orde | ort | sale | dirty |
| ordir | ordir | salir | to get something dirty |
| paumpe (f.) | pampe | en normand: tige
en anc. fr.: pétale |
petal |
| souleir | soleir | «souloir», avoir l'habitude de | to have habit of / to get used to |
| targier or tergier | targier | tarder | to be late / slow |
| tître | tistre | tisser | to weave |
| tolir | tolir | priver, enlever | to remove, to take something away from somebody |
| trétous | trestuz | tous, absolument tous | all, absolutely every |
Examples of Norman French words with -ei instead of -oi in Standard French words
| Norman French | Standard French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| la feire | la foire | fair (trade show) |
| la feis | la fois | time |
| la peire | la poire | pear |
| le deigt | le doigt | finger |
| le dreit | le droit | right (law) |
| le peivre | le poivre | pepper |
| aveir (final r is silent) | avoir | to have |
| beire | boire | to drink |
| creire | croire | to believe |
| neir (final r is silent) | noir | black |
| veir (final r is silent) | voir | to see |
Examples of Norman French words with c- / qu- and g- instead of ch- and j in Standard French
| Norman French | Standard French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| la cauche | la chausse, la chaussure | shoes |
| la cose | la chose | thing |
| la gaumbe | la jambe | leg |
| la quièvre | la chèvre | goat |
| la vaque | la vache | cow |
| le cat | le chat | cat |
| le câtel (final l is silent) | le château | castle |
| le quien | le chien | dog |
| cachier | chasser | to chase / to hunt |
| catouiller | chatouiller | to tickle |
| caud | chaud | hot |
Norse influences
editExamples of Norman words of Norse origin:
| English | Norman French | Old Norse | Scandinavian reflexes | French |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bait | baite, bète, abète | beita | beita (Icelandic), beite (Norw.), bete (Swed.) | appât; boëtte (from Breton; maybe ultimately from Norman) |
| beach grass, dune grass | milgreu, melgreu | *melgrös, pl. of *melgras | melgrös, pl. of melgras (Icelandic) | oyat |
| (black) currant | gade, gadelle, gradelle, gradille | gaddʀ | (-) | cassis, groseille |
| damp (cf. muggy), humid | mucre | mykr (cf. English muck) | myk (Norw.) | humide |
| down (feather) | dun, dum, dumet, deumet | dúnn | dúnn (Icelandic), dun (Dan., Norw., Swed.) | duvet (from Norman) |
| dune, sandy land | mielle, mièle | melʀ | melur (Icelandic), mile (Dan.), mjele (Norw.), mjälla (Swed.) | dune, terrain sableux |
| earthnut, groundnut, pignut, peanut | génotte, gernotte, jarnotte | *jarðhnot | jarðhneta (Icelandic), jordnød (Dan.), jordnöt (Swed.), jordnøtt (Norw.) | arachide, cacahuète |
| islet | hommet/houmet | hólmʀ | hólmur (Icelandic), holm (Dan., Norw.), holme (Swed.) | îlot, rocher en mer |
| mound (cf. howe, high) | hougue | haugʀ | haugur (Icelandic), haug (Norw.), hög (Swe.), høj (Dan.) | monticule |
| ness (headland or cliff, cf. Sheerness, etc.) | nez | nes | nes (Icelandic, Norw.), næs (Dan.), näs (Swed.) | cap, pointe de côte |
| seagull | mauve, mave, maôve | mávaʀ (pl.) | mávar (pl.) (Icelandic), måge (Dan.), måke/måse (Norw.), mås (Swed.) | mouette, goëland |
| slide, slip | griller, égriller, écriller | *skriðla | overskride (Norw.), skrilla (Old Swed.), skriða (Icelandic), skride (Dan.) | glisser |
| wicket (borrowed from Norman) | viquet, (-vic, -vy, -vouy in place-names) | vík | vík (Icelandic), vig (Dan.), vik (Norw., Swed.) | guichet (borrowed from Norman) |
In some cases, Norse words adopted in Norman have been borrowed into French – and more recently some of the English words used in French can be traced back to Norman origins.
Influence of Norman on English language
editFollowing the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the Norman and other languages and dialects spoken by the new rulers of England were used during several hundred years, developing into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, and leaving traces of specifically Norman words that can be distinguished from the equivalent lexical items in French:
| English | Norman French | French |
|---|---|---|
| cabbage | < caboche | = chou (cf. caboche) |
| castle | < castel (borrowed from Occitan) | = château-fort, castelet |
| catch | < cachier (now cachi)[11] | = chasser |
| cater | < acater | = acheter |
| cauldron | < caudron | = chaudron |
| causeway | < caucie (now cauchie)[12] | = chaussée |
| cherry (ies) | < cherise (chrise, chise) | = cerise |
| fashion | < faichon | = façon |
| mug | < mogue/moque[13] | = mug, boc |
| poor | < paur | = pauvre |
| wait | < waitier (Old Norman) | = gaitier (mod. guetter) |
| war | < werre (Old Norman) | = guerre |
| warrior | < werreur (Old Norman) | = guerrier |
| wicket | < viquet | = guichet (cf. piquet) |
Other borrowings, such as canvas, captain, cattle and kennel, exemplify how Norman retained Latin /k/ that was not retained in French.
In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are confirmed with the words "Le Roy le veult" ("The King wishes it") and other Norman phrases are used on formal occasions as legislation progresses.
Norman immigration in Canada
editNorman immigrants to North America also introduced some "Normanisms" to Quebec French and the French language in Canada generally. Joual, a working class sociolect of Quebec, in particular exhibits a Norman influence. For example the word "placoter" can mean both to splash around or to chatter comes from the Normand French word "clapoter" which means the same thing.[14]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Norman at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Manuel pratique de philologie romane, Pierre Bec, 1970–1971
- ^ "51-AAA-hc Anglo-Normand". Linguasphere Register via hortensj-garden.org. Linguasphere Observatory. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2024 – via hortensj-gardens.org.
- ^ Base de Français Médiéval, "Liste des textes de la Base de Français Médiéval" Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 2012, École normale supérieure de Lyon
- ^ Moisy 1875, pp. xix, 91.
- ^ Wolff 1991, p. 337.
- ^ Bernard Cerquiglini, The Languages of France, Report to the Minister of National Education, Research and Technology, and the Minister of Culture and Communication, April 1999
- ^ "Norman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France...The Normans (from Nortmanni: "Northmen") were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland
- ^ Elisabeth Ridel (2010). Les Vikings et les mots. Editions Errance.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Catch"
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Causeway"
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. entry on "Mug¹" states that the origin of this word is uncertain—it may have been a borrowing from Norman, or it may have come from another source, and been reinforced through Norman.
- ^ GEOFFRION, LOUIS-PHILIPPE (1927). ZIGZAGS AUTOUR DE NOS PARLERS (in French). Quebec. p. 60.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Moisy, Henri (1875). Noms de famille normands, étudiés dans leurs rapports avec la vieille langue et spécialement avec le dialecte normand. F. Vieweg.
- Wolff, Philippe (1991). "Quelles langues parlait-on dans le royaume de France vers l'an Mil?". In d'Arxius, Servei (ed.). Catalunya i França Meridional. Generalitat de Catalunya.
Sources
edit- Essai de grammaire de la langue normande, UPN, 1995. ISBN 2-9509074-0-7.
- V'n-ous d'aveu mei? UPN, 1984.
- La Normandie dialectale, 1999, ISBN 2-84133-076-1
- Alain Marie, Les auteurs patoisants du Calvados, 2005. ISBN 2-84706-178-9.
- Roger Jean Lebarbenchon, Les Falaises de la Hague, 1991. ISBN 2-9505884-0-9.
- Jean-Louis Vaneille, Les patoisants bas-normands, n.d., Saint-Lô.
- André Dupont, Dictionnaire des patoisants du Cotentin, Société d'archéologie de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 1992.
- Geraint Jennings and Yan Marquis, "The Toad and the Donkey: an anthology of Norman literature from the Channel Islands", 2011, ISBN 978-1-903427-61-3
External links
edit- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.