Thuluva Vellalar, [1][a] also known as Agamudaya Mudaliar [3][4] or Arcot Mudaliars,[5] [6] is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka.[7][8][9] They were an elite and dominant land-owning community.[10]
| Thuluva Vellalar | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism[citation needed] |
| Languages | Tamil |
| Region | Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka cities: Chennai, Bangalore, Vellore |
| Feudal title | Mudaliar, Pillai, Goundar, Udayar, Chettiar, Nayakar |
| Related groups | Tamil people |
Etymology
editThe earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is found in Paripadal, where it is used in the sense of a landowner.[11] The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர்) may originate from the root Vellam for flood, denoting their ability to control and store water for irrigation purposes.[12] which led to the development of various land rights, ultimately giving the Vellalar their name.[13] The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) is also derived from the word Vel (வேள்), a title used by Velir chieftains during the Sangam age.
Since they migrated from the Tulu region of ancient Tamizhagam, they are called Thuluva Vellalar.[7][8][9]
History
editThuluva Vellalars are part of larger Vellalar community. An early Thulu tradition states that a king known as Ādonda Chakravarthi brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the Tuluva Vellalas) from the Tulu areas in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in Thondaimandalam.[14] Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the Mackenzie Manuscripts.[15]
Sometimes this migration of Thuluva Vellalas is also assigned to later Chola times when Hoysala Ballalas of Karnataka had occupied portions of Kanchipuram and Trichy.[16]
Demographics
editTheir original stronghold in present-day Tamil Nadu was Thiruvannamalai in North Arcot district, the town that served as the capital of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala III in the 14th century.[17][18]
Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous[7] in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education[19] and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.
The community commonly use Mudaliar[20] and Udayar titles. However Naicker,[21] Gounder, Reddy and Pillai titles are also present in some pockets.
Gotra and Kuladevi
editGotra
editIn Hindu tradition, Gotra represents a lineage or ancestral family line. The system of gotra is significant for understanding one's heritage and lineage and plays an essential role in cultural and religious practices.
These primary groupings can be further divided into sub-categories, including:
- Vanadhirayar
- Kalingarayar
- Siva Maharshi
These sub-groupings often signify deeper historical and cultural connections within the broader Shiva or Vishnu lineages.
Kuladevi
editThe Kuladevi refers to the female family deity or guardian goddess worshipped by a specific family or clan across generations. Families revere their kuladevi for protection, prosperity, and familial well-being. Commonly worshipped kuladevis include:
- Pachayamman
- Angala Parameshwari
- Saptha Kannimar: A group of seven divine sisters.
- Ammachchar
- EllaiAmman: Often revered as the boundary guardian deity of a village or a region.
These deities are central to family rituals, festivals, and religious ceremonies, reinforcing the cultural and spiritual ties of a family to their ancestral roots.
Caste-based Reservation Status
editArcot Mudaliar and Arcot Vellala sects: Classified as Forward Class.[22]
Other sects of Thuluva Vellala: Classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category at both the Central[23] and State levels.[24] Thuluva Vellala is listed as entry number 1 alongside Agamudayar.
Thuluva Vellala, Agamudi Mudaliar, and Aghamudi Vellala: Recognized under the Backward Class (D) category under the umbrella term ‘Mudhaliar’.[25]
This reservation status allows these communities to access benefits and opportunities related to education, employment, and other social programs as per their classifications.
Current status
editThe Thuluva Vellalar community, also referred to as Thuluva Vellala Mudaliars, was historically classified as a Forward Caste (FC) in Tamil Nadu.[22][26] However, over time, they were reclassified as a Backward Class (BC).[27][24] The reclassification has its roots in the socio-political and economic changes that occurred in Tamil society, particularly after Indian independence.
Notable people
editSocial Leaders, Activists
edit
- Ariyanatha Mudaliar - Dalavoy of the Vijayanagar viceroy Viswanatha Nayaka.
- C. Natesa Mudaliar - [28] one of the founders of the Justice Party, politician, activist and philanthropist.
- Muthuranga Mudaliar - A freedom fighter from Poonamallee, participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942. [29]
- Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram - Indian freedom fighter, Indian scholar, essayist, and activist for the Tamil language.
- Pulavar K. Govindan - Historian, rationalist, and Deputy Speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly. [30]
Tamil Literature
edit
- Mu. Varadarajan - Also known as Mu. Va., a Tamil scholar, author, and academic from Tamil Nadu.
- Papanasa Mudaliar - An early Carnatic music composer who lived in what is now Tamil Nadu, India.
- Namakkal V. Ramalingam Pillai - Prominent freedom fighter and writer.
Philanthropists
edit
- Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar - Founded the R.B.A.N.M.'s Educational Charities and R.B.A.N.M.'s Chattram and other charities.
- V. L. Ethiraj - Barrister and philanthropist who founded Ethiraj College for Women.
- V. M. Muralidharan - Chairman of Ethiraj College for Women.
- Vallal Pachaiyappa Mudaliar - Founder of Pachayappa Educational Trust. [31]
Politics
edit
- Arcot Ranganatha Mudaliar - Indian politician and theosophist; served as Minister of Public Health and Excise for the Madras Presidency (1926–1928).
- A. C. Shanmugam - Founder of Puthiya Needhi Katchi and Chancellor of Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute. [32]
- Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar - KCSI, Founder-Chairman of UNESCO and the Diwan of Mysore. [33]
- S. Muthiah Mudaliar - Politician and legislator of the Justice Party.
- P. U. Shanmugam - Former Tamil Nadu minister of Public Works Department.
Civil Service and Judiciary
edit- C. S. Ratnasabhapathy Mudaliar - Member of the Madras Legislative Council (1926–1936).
- Kanakaraya Mudali - Chief dubash and broker for the French East India Company.
- Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar- was an Indian lawyer, politician and Indian independence activist who campaigned for India's independence.
Arts and Cinema
edit
- A. R. Rahman - Indian music composer and winner of several national and international awards. [34]
- G. V. Prakash Kumar - Tamil music composer, actor, and playback singer. [35]
- Isari Velan - Indian actor and politician.
- Ishari K. Ganesh - Founder and chairman of Vels University. [36]
- Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar - Known as the "Founding Father of Modern Tamil Theatre", playwright, director, and recipient of the Padma Bhushan. [37]
- R. K. Shekhar - Malayalam music composer and father of A. R. Rahman.
- R. Nataraja Mudaliar - Known as the "Father of Tamil cinema". [38]
- Shoba Chandrasekhar - Playback singer, producer, and mother of actor Vijay.
- Varun (actor) - Tamil actor and grandson of Isari Velan.
- Vikranth - Tamil actor and cousin of Vijay.
Educationists, Doctors, Scientists, and Academicians
edit
- Sir Arcot Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar - First Indian Principal of Madras Medical College and Vice Chancellor of the University of Madras.
- Arcot Ramachandran - Scientist, author, and Under-Secretary-General of UN-Habitat. [39]
- Dr. B. M. Sundaravadanan - Chairman of Tamil Nadu Medical Council.
- Dr. M. R. Gurusamy Mudaliar - Renowned Indian medical practitioner.
Entrepreneurs and Industrialists
edit- Chinnakannan Sivasankaran- founder of Aircel Ltd.
- CK Ranganathan- the Founder Chairman of CavinKare, chairman of CK College of Engineering and Technology and also President of TiE – Chennai Chapter.
See also
editReferences
editNotes
- ^ Susan Bayly has noted of the Vellalar communities generally that "they were never a tighly-knit community ... In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Vellala affiliation was a vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian caste groups. Vellala identity was certainly thought of as a source of prestige, but for that very reason there were any number of groups who sought to claim Vellala status for themselves".[2]
Citations
- ^ Neild (1979)
- ^ Bayly (2004), p. 411
- ^ "ப உ சண்முகம் பிறந்தநாள் விழா". Dinamani. 16 August 2012.
- ^ "துளுவ வேளாளர் சங்கம் கோரிக்கை". Dinamalar. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Jacob Pandian (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. p. 115.
- ^ "Census of India 1961 - District Handbook of Chingleput" (PDF). Volume 9: 16. Census of India. p. 16. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamiḻp Palkalaik Kaḻakam (1994). Glimpses of Tamil Civilization. Articles from the University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization. https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU6kuUy/page/142/mode/1up?q=Vel. Tamil University. p. 142.
Tuluva Vellala is a prosperous and progressive caste in Tamil Nadu and they migrated from Tulu Nadu to Tamil Nadu in ancient times.
{{cite book}}: External link in|others= - ^ a b Anthony R. Walker (1994). New Place, Old Ways, Essays on Indian Society and Culture in Modern Singapore. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 200.
The names of these four main Vellalar divisions are the Tondaimandalam (residents of the Pallava country), the Sōliyan (of the Cōla country), the Pandya (from the ancient Pandyan kingdom) and the Konku (from Konku country). Each of these four great divisions is further divided on a territorial basis. For example, the Tuluva are that branch of the Tondaimandalam Vellalar with origins in the Tulu country.
- ^ a b M. D. Raghavan. Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction. Kalai Nilayam, 1971. p. 130.
The Thondaimandalam Vellalas are sub-divided into the Tuluvas, originally of the Tulu country.
- ^ Rajadurai, S. V.; Geetha, V. (2004). "Response to John Harriss". In Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (eds.). Decentring the Indian Nation. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-13576-169-1.
- ^ Dev Nathan (1997). From Tribe to Caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
- ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 390.
- ^ Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993). Societas to Civitas: Evolution of Political Society in South India : Pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam. Kalinga Publications. ISBN 978-81-85163-42-0.
- ^ Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan Hanumanthan. Untouchability: A Historical Study Upto 1500 A.D. : with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu. Koodal Publishers. p. 101.
- ^ M. Arokiaswami (1954). The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 72.
- ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference. 1964.
- ^ India. Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications. p. xxii.
- ^ A. Krishnaswami (Professor of History) (1975). Topics in South Indian From Early Times Upto 1565 A.D. History. p. 212.
- ^ "3". Census Book of India 1961 (in Tamil). Vol. 9 North Arcot District. Madras: The Director of stationery and Printing, Madras. 1961. p. 31.
- ^ AP court orders. "Doctypes".
- ^ Glossary of Caste Name, North Arcot District, 1951
- ^ a b "அரசியல் ரீதியாக அங்கீகாரம் கிடைத்தாலும் 10 சதவீத இட ஒதுக்கீடு நிறைவேறுவதில் சிக்கல்". Dailythanthi.com. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU" (PDF). www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in. Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. p. 1. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
Entry.No 1
- ^ a b "List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu". Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
Sl.No 1
- ^ Staff Reporter (12 December 2016). "'Mudaliar' title added in BC (D) list". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 February 2021.: "The State government has decided to add the title ‘Mudaliar’ in the first line of Sl. No. 39 of Group D of BC list following a request from the Mudaliar community. This will benefit Agamudimudaliar, Agamudivellalar, and Agamudimudaliar, including Thuluva Vellalas."
- ^ Rajadurai, S. V.; Geetha, V. (2004). Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (eds.). Response to John Harriss. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-13576-169-1. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ "CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU" (PDF). www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in. Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. p. 1. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
Entry.No 1
- ^ K, Kumaresan (1984). Dravida Thalaivar C. Natesanar. Madras. pp. Introduction, p.4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Courage was his watchword". The Hindu. 16 December 2002. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India". Government of Tamil Nadu.
- ^ "Vallal Pachaiyappa | Pachaiyappa's College". pachaiyappascollege.edu.in. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Demu, Blessey. "Honorary Fellowship for A C Shanmugam". news18.com. News18. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ Andrew Wyatt, John Zavos. Decentring the Indian Nation. p. 115.
- ^ "A. R. Rahmam Biography". arrahman.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ Balu, Aparijitha (14 September 2019). "GV Prakash Kumar On A Signing Spree". Silver Screen. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Rs.686 crore for conservation, protection of natural resources". 28 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
- ^ Muthiah, S. (30 July 2003). "The Mount Road congregations". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 25 December 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Classics must be preserved, says B. Mahendra". Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ "Padma announcement". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Bibliography
- Bayly, Susan (2004) [1989]. Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52189-103-5.
- Neild, Susan M. (1979). "Colonial Urbanism: The Development of Madras City in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". Modern Asian Studies. 13 (2): 217–246. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00008301. JSTOR 312124. S2CID 144309252.