Podogymnura truei, also known as the Mindanao gymnure, Mindanao moonrat, or Mindanao wood shrew, is a mammal of the family Erinaceidae.[2] It is endemic to the Mindanao islands of the Philippines.[1] Erinaceidae is a family of small mammals that include the gymnures, also known as the silky furred moonrats, and the hedgehogs. Animals belonging to this family are significant because they are among the oldest known placental mammals that are alive.[3] Gymnures are relatives of hedgehogs but lack the prickly spines. Four species are categorized in the genus Podogymnura: P. aureospinula, P. intermedia, P. minima, and P. truei.[4] All share a close resemblance to the moonrat Echinosorex gymnura, which is commonly found on the Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsulas.[5]
| Podogymnura truei | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Erinaceidae |
| Genus: | Podogymnura |
| Species: | P. truei
|
| Binomial name | |
| Podogymnura truei Mearns, 1905
| |
| |
Description
editPodogymnura truei, which are endothermic species, are medium-sized ground dwellers that typically range from 130 to 150 mm in body length. Their body is narrow, which may have been an adaptation for burrowing through narrow crevices and have bilateral symmetry. These mammals also have long soft fur that is typically gray mixed with coarser reddish brown hairs on the dorsal side. On the ventral side the hairs have a grayish white tone with some brown mixed in. Long whiskers protrude out of a long snout, which allows for exceptional tactile sensation. Similar to other mammals, chemical cues and sense of smell are used extensively for survival. The face is commonly spotted with black stripes or spots near the eyes. A sturdy tail, which is typically about 40-70mm long, is covered moderately with hair. Underneath the hair, the skin displays a yellowish-brown, and purple coloration. At the hind legs, the fur is less prominent and the skin displays a naked peach tone. The hind foot is usually 31 to 37 mm.[6] They have a well-developed anal gland that produces and secretes an unpleasant odor to deter predators away. This scent is pungent, often described as a rancid onion or garlic smell.[7] Females are typically larger than males. Overall, the Mindanao gymnure is smaller than P. aureospinula. Podogymnura are closely related to Echinosorex in that they share similar dental and cranial characteristics, well-developed canine teeth, and a long rostrum. However, unlike Echinosorex, Podogymnura has less prominent sagittal, temporal, and nuchal crests, and is smaller with a shorter tail.[8]
Diet and behavior
editSince Podogymnura truei are ground dwellers, their typical diet includes earthworms, insects, and arthropods.[9] Although primarily carnivorous, they will occasionally eat fungi and fruit. P. truei are nocturnal or crepuscular, which means that they remain in their burrows during the day, but come out to forage by searching the forest floor at twilight or night. Foraging with little visibility requires their sense of smell to be their primary sense. They exhibit more similar behaviors to that of the elusive shrews than their spiky relatives. P. truei move faster but are not as efficient at digging as hedgehogs. They are also territorial and live in solitude, with exception to breeding season. In order to mark their territory or to deter predators, they will release a strong odor, typically described as a rancid onion or garlic smell.[7]
Reproduction and life span
editMindanao moonrats hold onto territories and usually live in solitude with exception to breeding seasons.[10] Breeding typically occurs with two litters annually. Average litter size is two offspring with an average gestation period of about 35–40 days. After giving birth, females will nurse and care for their young until the offspring is weaned.[9] On average, the life span of the Mindanao moonrat is about 55 months.
Habitat and ecology
editPodogymnura truei is endemic to the Philippine island of Mindanao. Within the Mindanao island, it is only found in the provinces Davao Norte, Bukidnon, and Davao del Sur, which all contain mountainous forests. Podogymnura truei prefer areas that are damp and are frequently found near standing bodies of water. They are found in abundance in the mossy forests (2000 to 2900 m), but are also dispersed among mountains and primary forests (1300 to 2000 m). Other areas of habitation include dense vegetation on the edges of streams, in thick moss-covered roots, underneath grass beds at the edge of a lake, by logs in dense fern undergrowth, among tangled tree roots, by tree trunks that have been hollowed out, and near boulders in densely fern covered valleys. Their habitats are similar to true shrews.[6] The Mindanao moonrat helps with the highland ecosystems of Mindanao by regulating insect populations.
Major threats
editThe potential major threat to the Mindanao moonrat population is habitat destruction. The Mindanao island is currently affected by slash and burn agriculture, forest degradation, and logging. Habitat destruction is most prominent in low level forests, which could be a problem for the Mindanao moonrat if this destruction escalates to the highland regions. However, since they primarily reside in high elevation forests, current populations are estimated to be stable.[9] Although the population is currently stable, the fate of Mindanao moonrat is directly linked to the survival of the forests of Mindanao. According to Ridge and Reefs biodiversity report, Mindanao has a lush geographical profile. It is the 2nd largest island and has 4 out of 6 mountain ranges that reach altitudes greater than 9000 ft. The forest cover is about 30,960 km2, which is approximately 24% of the total land area. The islands two marshlands include Ligawasan Marsh and the Agusan Marsh. Both contain a wide spectrum of ecological diversity and vegetation types. Mindanao is the most diverse island in the Philippines.[11] Unfortunately, the forest has already been reduced by 29 percent due to the effects of slash and burn agriculture and logging. The remainder of the forest continues to be destroyed and degraded through several means. First of all, primary forests are being cut down and replaced with exotic trees for the paper industry. Illegal logging is being practiced even within areas that are supposed to be protected.[8] Habitat deforestation could affect the moonrats if forest degradation continues to affect areas of higher elevation. For now, about 80% of its habitat is still in its original condition, with no human threats to the species because of its low commercial value.[12]
Conservation
editAccording to the IUCN Red List, Podogymnura truei are under the category of least concern.[1] However, this status could elevate to the next level if habitat destruction continues to escalate.[8] The best way to prevent this species from becoming endangered and to maintain its current status is through conserving its habitat. There are other efforts being made to optimize biodiversity and promote habitat conservation. Currently, national environmental laws in the Philippines are embodied in the following: international doctrines and principles, administrative orders, judicial decisions, local ordinances, republic acts, executive orders, and the 1987 Philippine Constitution.[13]
References
edit- ^ a b c Heaney, L.; Balete, D.; Tabao, M. (2016). "Podogymnura truei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T17828A22326078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T17828A22326078.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Order Erinaceomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ He, K.; Chen, J-H.; Gould, GC; Yamaguchi, N.; Ai, H-S (2012). "An Estimation of Erinaceidae Phylogeny: A Combined Analysis Approach". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39304. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739304H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039304. PMC 3380021. PMID 22745729.
- ^ Balete, Danilo S.; Heaney, Lawrence Richard; Rickart, Eric A.; Quidlat, Roselyn S.; Rowsey, Dakota M.; Olson, Link E. (2023-01-13). "A re-assessment of diversity among Philippine gymnures (Mammalia: Erinaceidae: Podogymnura), with a new species from eastern Mindanao". Zootaxa. 5228 (3): 244–266. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5228.3.2. PMID 37044652.
- ^ Stone, D. "Eurasion Insectivores and Tree Shrews: Status, Survey and Conservation Action Plan". Tree Shrew and Elephant Shrew Specialist Group. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
- ^ a b Heaney, Lawrence; Rabor, Dioscoro (1982). "Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao Islands, Philippines" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 699: 1–28. Retrieved Sep 29, 2014.
- ^ a b Rondinini, C. (2006). "Hedgehogs and Moonrats". In David W. Macdonald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c Nowak, R.M. (1991). Walker's Mammals of the World (5 ed.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from the original on 2014-12-11. Retrieved Oct 4, 2014.
- ^ a b c Heaney, Lawrence (2011-01-12). "A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands". USA: Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved Sep 29, 2014.
- ^ "Gymnure". Thai National Parks. Retrieved Oct 4, 2014.
- ^ Overview on the Status, Issues, and Concerns on Biodiversity Conservation in the Philippines. Los Baños: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA). 2011. pp. 5–10 and 40–42.
- ^ Heaney, L.R.; Tabaranza Jr., B.; Rickart, A.E.; Balete, S.D.; Ingle, R.N. (2006). "The mammals of Mt. Kitanglad Nature Park, Mindanao, Philippines". Fieldiana Zoology. 112: 1–63. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3395.
- ^ Ong, Perry; Afuang, Leticia; Rosell-Ambat, Ruth, eds. (2002). Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. pp. 2–6, 16, and 22–24. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
External links
edit- Mindanao gymnure (Podogymnura truei) - ARKive.org