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Microscale thermophoresis

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Microscale thermophoresis (MST) is a technology for the biophysical analysis of interactions between biomolecules. Microscale thermophoresis is based on the detection of a temperature-induced change in fluorescence of a target as a function of the concentration of a non-fluorescent ligand. The observed change in fluorescence is based on two distinct effects. On the one hand it is based on a temperature related intensity change (TRIC) of the fluorescent probe, which can be affected by binding events. On the other hand, it is based on thermophoresis, the directed movement of particles in a microscopic temperature gradient. Any change of the chemical microenvironment of the fluorescent probe, as well as changes in the hydration shell of biomolecules result in a relative change of the fluorescence detected when a temperature gradient is applied and can be used to determine binding affinities. MST allows measurement of interactions directly in solution without the need of immobilization to a surface (immobilization-free technology).

Principle of the MST technology: MST is performed in thin capillaries in free solution thus providing close-to-native conditions (immobilization free in any buffer, even in complex bioliquids) and a maintenance free instrument. When performing an MST experiment, a microscopic temperature gradient is induced by an infrared laser, and TRIC as well as thermophoresis are detected. TRIC depends on the fluorophore's microenvironment, which is typically changed in binding events. Thermophoresis, the movement of the molecule in the temperature gradient, depends on three parameters that typically change upon interaction. Thus, the overall MST signal is plotted against the ligand concentration to obtain a dose-response curve, from which the binding affinity can be deduced.

Applications

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Affinity

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Stoichiometry

Thermodynamic parameters

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MST has been used to estimate the enthalpic and entropic contributions to biomolecular interactions.[10]

Additional information

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  • Sample property (homogeneity, aggregation, stability)
  • Multiple binding sites, cooperativity

Technology

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MST is based on the quantifiable detection of a fluorescence change in a sample when a temperature change is applied. The fluorescence of a target molecule can be extrinsic or intrinsic (aromatic amino acids) and is altered in temperature gradients due to two distinct effects. On the one hand temperature related intensity change (TRIC), which describes the intrinsic property of fluorophores to change their fluorescence intensity as a function of temperature. The extent of the change in fluorescence intensity is affected by the chemical environment of the fluorescent probe, which can be altered in binding events due to conformational changes or proximity of ligands.[11][12] On the other hand, MST is also based on the directed movement of molecules along temperature gradients, an effect termed thermophoresis. A spatial temperature difference ΔT leads to a change in molecule concentration in the region of elevated temperature, quantified by the Soret coefficient ST:chot/ccold = exp(-ST ΔT).[13][14] Both, TRIC and thermophoresis contribute to the recorded signal in MST measurements in the following way: ∂/∂T(cF)=c∂F/∂T+F∂c/∂T. The first term in this equation c∂F/∂T describes TRIC as a change in fluorescence intensity (F) as a function of temperature (T), whereas the second term F∂c/∂T describes thermophoresis as the change in particle concentration (c) as a function of temperature. Thermophoresis depends on the interface between molecule and solvent. Under constant buffer conditions, thermophoresis probes the size, charge and solvation entropy of the molecules. The thermophoresis of a fluorescently labeled molecule A typically differs significantly from the thermophoresis of a molecule-target complex AT due to size, charge and solvation entropy differences. This difference in the molecule's thermophoresis is used to quantify the binding in titration experiments under constant buffer conditions.

The thermophoretic movement of the fluorescently labelled molecule is measured by monitoring the fluorescence distribution F inside a capillary. The microscopic temperature gradient is generated by an IR-Laser, which is focused into the capillary and is strongly absorbed by water. The temperature of the aqueous solution in the laser spot is raised by ΔT=1-10 K. Before the IR-Laser is switched on a homogeneous fluorescence distribution Fcold is observed inside the capillary. When the IR-Laser is switched on, two effects, occur on the same time-scale, contributing to the new fluorescence distribution Fhot. The thermal relaxation induces a binding-dependent drop in the fluorescence of the dye due to its local environmental-dependent response to the temperature jump (TRIC). At the same time molecules typically move from the locally heated region to the outer cold regions. The local concentration of molecules decreases in the heated region until it reaches a steady-state distribution.

While the mass diffusion D dictates the kinetics of depletion, ST determines the steady-state concentration ratio chot/ccold=exp(-ST ΔT) ≈ 1-ST ΔT under a temperature increase ΔT. The normalized fluorescence Fnorm=Fhot/Fcold measures mainly this concentration ratio, in addition to TRIC ∂F/∂T. In the linear approximation we find: Fnorm=1+(∂F/∂T-ST)ΔT. Due to the linearity of the fluorescence intensity and the thermophoretic depletion, the normalized fluorescence from the unbound molecule Fnorm(A) and the bound complex Fnorm(AT) superpose linearly. By denoting x the fraction of molecules bound to targets, the changing fluorescence signal during the titration of target T is given by: Fnorm=(1-x) Fnorm(A)+x Fnorm(AT).[11]

Quantitative binding parameters are obtained by using a serial dilution of the binding substrate. By plotting Fnorm against the logarithm of the different concentrations of the dilution series, a sigmoidal binding curve is obtained. This binding curve can directly be fitted with the nonlinear solution of the law of mass action, with the dissociation constant KD as result.[15][16][17]

References

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  1. ^ Asmari M, Ratih R, Alhazmi HA, El Deeb S (February 2018). "Thermophoresis for characterizing biomolecular interaction" (PDF). Methods. 146: 107–119. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.02.003. PMID 29438829. S2CID 3374888.
  2. ^ Mueller AM, Breitsprecher D, Duhr S, Baaske P, Schubert T, Längst G (2017). "Micro Scale Thermophoresis: A Rapid and Precise Method to Quantify Protein–Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution". MicroScale Thermophoresis: A Rapid and Precise Method to Quantify Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1654. pp. 151–164. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7231-9_10. ISBN 978-1-4939-7230-2. PMID 28986788.
  3. ^ Filarsky M, Zillner K, Araya I, Villar-Garea A, Merkl R, Längst G, Németh A (2015). "The extended AT-hook is a novel RNA binding motif". RNA Biology. 12 (8): 864–76. doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1060394. PMC 4615771. PMID 26156556.
  4. ^ a b Seidel SA, Dijkman PM, Lea WA, van den Bogaart G, Jerabek-Willemsen M, Lazic A, et al. (2013). "Microscale thermophoresis quantifies biomolecular interactions under previously challenging conditions". Methods. 59 (3): 301–15. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.12.005. PMC 3644557. PMID 23270813.
  5. ^ Seidel SA, Wienken CJ, Geissler S, Jerabek-Willemsen M, Duhr S, Reiter A, Trauner D, Braun D, Baaske P (2012). "Label-free microscale thermophoresis discriminates sites and affinity of protein-ligand binding". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51 (42): 10656–9. doi:10.1002/anie.201204268. PMC 3588113. PMID 23001866.
  6. ^ Linke P, Amaning K, Maschberger M, Vallee F, Steier V, Baaske P, Duhr S, Breitsprecher D, Rak A (April 2016). "An Automated Microscale Thermophoresis Screening Approach for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery". Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 21 (4): 414–21. doi:10.1177/1087057115618347. PMC 4800460. PMID 26637553.
  7. ^ Jerabek-Willemsen M, Wienken CJ, Braun D, Baaske P, Duhr S (August 2011). "Molecular interaction studies using microscale thermophoresis". Assay and Drug Development Technologies. 9 (4): 342–53. doi:10.1089/adt.2011.0380. PMC 3148787. PMID 21812660.
  8. ^ Dijkman PM, Watts A (November 2015). "Lipid modulation of early G protein-coupled receptor signalling events". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1848 (11 Pt A): 2889–97. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.004. PMID 26275588.
  9. ^ Vilanova O, Mittag JJ, Kelly PM, Milani S, Dawson KA, Rädler JO, Franzese G (December 2016). "Understanding the Kinetics of Protein-Nanoparticle Corona Formation". ACS Nano. 10 (12): 10842–10850. doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b04858. PMC 5391497. PMID 28024351.
  10. ^ Jerabek-Willemsen M, André T, Wanner A, Roth HM, Duhr S, Baaske P, Breitsprecher D (2014). "MicroScale Thermophoresis: Interaction analysis and beyond". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1077: 101–113. Bibcode:2014JMoSt1077..101J. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.009.
  11. ^ a b Baaske P, Wienken CJ, Reineck P, Duhr S, Braun D (2010). "Optical thermophoresis for quantifying the buffer dependence of aptamer binding". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49 (12): 1–5. doi:10.1002/anie.200903998. PMID 20186894.
  12. ^ Gupta AJ, Duhr S, Baaske P (2018). "Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)". Encyclopedia of Biophysics. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35943-9_10063-1. ISBN 9783642359439.
  13. ^ Duhr S, Braun D (2006). "Why molecules move along a temperature gradient". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (52): 19678–82. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10319678D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603873103. PMC 1750914. PMID 17164337.
  14. ^ Reineck P, Wienken CJ, Braun D (2010). "Thermophoresis of single stranded DNA". Electrophoresis. 31 (2): 279–86. doi:10.1002/elps.200900505. PMID 20084627. S2CID 36614196.
  15. ^ Wienken CJ, Baaske P, Rothbauer U, Braun D, Duhr S (2010). "Protein-binding assays in biological liquids using microscale thermophoresis". Nat Commun. 1 (7): 100. Bibcode:2010NatCo...1..100W. doi:10.1038/ncomms1093. PMID 20981028.
  16. ^ Baaske P, Wienken C, Duhr S (2009). "Optisch erzeugte Thermophorese für die Bioanalytik" [Optically generated thermophoresis for bioanalysis] (PDF). Biophotonik (in German): 22–24.[dead link‍]
  17. ^ Wienken CJ, Baaske P, Duhr S, Braun D (2011). "Thermophoretic melting curves quantify the conformation and stability of RNA and DNA". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (8): e52. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr035. PMC 3082908. PMID 21297115.
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