Methylidyne, or (unsubstituted) carbyne, is an organic compound whose molecule consists of a single hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom. It is the parent compound of the carbynes, which can be seen as obtained from it by substitution of other functional groups for the hydrogen.
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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Methylidyne[1] | |||
| Systematic IUPAC name | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| 7801830 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| 24689 | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| CH, CH•, CH3• | |||
| Molar mass | 13.0186 g mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colourless gas | ||
| Reacts | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
183.04 J K−1 mol−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
594.13 kJ mol−1 | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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Methyl (CH3) Methylene (CH2) Carbide (C) | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The carbon atom is left with either one or three unpaired electrons (unsatisfied valence bonds), depending on the molecule's excitation state; making it a radical. Accordingly, the chemical formula can be CH• or CH3• (also written as ⫶CH); each dot representing an unpaired electron. The corresponding systematic names are methylylidene or hydridocarbon(•), and methanetriyl or hydridocarbon(3•). However, the formula is often written simply as CH.
Methylidyne is a highly reactive gas, that is quickly destroyed in ordinary conditions but is abundant in the interstellar medium (and was one of the first molecules to be detected there).[4]
Nomenclature
editThe trivial name carbyne is the preferred IUPAC name.
Following the substitutive nomenclature, the molecule is viewed as methane with three hydrogen atoms removed, yielding the systematic name "methylidyne".
Following the additive nomenclature, the molecule is viewed as a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom, yielding the name "hydridocarbon".
By default, these names pay no regard to the excitation state of the molecule. When that attribute is considered, the states with one unpaired electron are named "methylylidene" or "hydridocarbon(•)", whereas the excited states with three unpaired electrons are named "methanetriyl" or "hydridocarbon(3•)".
Bonding
edit9.png)
3(CO)
9, a metal cluster complex with a methylidyne ligand.
As an odd-electron species, CH is a radical. The ground state is a doublet (X2Π). The first two excited states are a quartet (with three unpaired electrons) (a4Σ−) and a doublet (A2Δ). The quartet lies at 71 kJ/mol above the ground state.[5]
Reactions of the doublet radical with non-radical species involves insertion or addition:
- [CH]•(X2Π) + H
2O → H• + CH
2O (major) or [CH
2(OH)]•
whereas reactions of the quartet radical generally involves only abstraction:
- [CH]3•(a4Σ−) + H
2O → [CH
2] + [HO]•
Methylidyne can bind to metal atoms as tridentate ligand in coordination complexes. An example is methylidynetricobaltnonacarbonyl HCCo
3(CO)
9.[6]
Occurrence and reactivity
editFischer–Tropsch intermediate
editMethylidyne-like species are implied intermediates in the Fischer–Tropsch process, the hydrogenation of CO to produce hydrocarbons. Methylidyne entities are assumed to bond to the catalyst's surface. A hypothetical sequence is:[6]
- MnCO + 1/2 H2 → MnCOH
- MnCOH + H2 → MnCH + H2O
- MnCH + 1/2 H2 → MnCH2
The MnCH intermediate has a tridentate methylidine ligand. The methylene ligand (H2C) is then poised couple to CO or to another methylene, thereby growing the C–C chain.[7]
Amphotericity
editThe methylylidyne group can exhibit both Lewis acidic and Lewis basic character.[8] Such behavior is only of theoretical interest since it is not possible to produce methylidyne.
In interstellar space
editIn October 2016, astronomers reported that the methylidyne radical ⫶CH, the carbon-hydrogen positive ion :CH+, and the carbon ion ⫶C+ are the result of ultraviolet light from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to supernovas and young stars, as thought earlier.[9]
Preparation
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Henri A. Favre; Warren H. Powell (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. Cambridge, England: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 1054. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ "hydridocarbon (CHEBI:51382)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute. IUPAC Name.
- ^ "hydridocarbon(3•)". Substance page at the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) website, European Bioinformatics Institute, UK. Accessed on 2019-04-20
- ^ Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Volume 1 edited by Ricardo Amils, José Cernicharo Quintanilla, Henderson James Cleaves, William M. Irvine, Daniele Pinti, Michel Viso. 2011, Springer: Heidelberg
- ^ Brooks, Bernard R.; Schaefer III, Henry F. (1 December 1977). "Reactions of Carbynes. Potential Energy Surfaces for the Doublet and Quartet Methylidyne (CH) Reactions with Molecular Hydrogen". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 67 (11): 5146–5151. Bibcode:1977JChPh..67.5146B. doi:10.1063/1.434743.
- ^ a b c Nestle, Mara O.; Hallgren, John E.; Seyferth, Dietmar; Dawson, Peter; Robinson, Brian H. (1 January 1980). "μ3-Methylidyne and μ3-Benzylidyne-Tris(Tricarbonylcobalt)". In Busch, Daryle H. (ed.). Inorganic Syntheses, Vol. 20. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 226–229. doi:10.1002/9780470132517.ch53. ISBN 9780470132517.
- ^ Herrmann, Wolfgang A. (1982). "Organometallic Aspects of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 21 (2): 117–130. doi:10.1002/anie.198201171.
- ^ Anderson, Stuart M.; McCurdy, K. E.; Kolb, C. E. (February 1989). "The Methylidyne Radical + Carbon Monoxide Reaction: Rate Coefficient for Carbon Atom Exchange at 294 K". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 93 (3): 1042–1048. doi:10.1021/j100340a007.
- ^ Landau, Elizabeth (12 October 2016). "Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved 13 October 2016.