Galatea (/ˌɡæləˈtiːə/; Ancient Greek: Γαλάτεια; "she who is milk-white")[1] is the post-antiquity name popularly applied to the statue carved of ivory alabaster by Pygmalion of Cyprus, which then came to life in Greek mythology.
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Galatea is also the name of a sea-nymph, one of the fifty Nereids (daughters of Nereus) mentioned by Hesiod and Homer.[2] In Theocritus Idylls VI and XI she is the object of desire of the one-eyed giant Polyphemus and is linked with Polyphemus again in the myth of Acis and Galatea in Ovid's Metamorphoses.[3] She is also mentioned in Virgil's Eclogues and Aeneid.[4]
Etymology
editThough the name "Galatea" has become so firmly associated with Pygmalion's statue as to seem antique, its use in connection with Pygmalion originated with a post-classical writer. No extant ancient text mentions the statue's name,[5][6] although Pausanias mentions a statue of Calm, Galene (Ancient Greek: Γαλήνη).[7] As late as 1763, a sculpture of the subject shown by Falconet at the Paris Salon (see illustration) carried the title Pygmalion aux pieds de sa statue qui s'anime ("Pygmalion at the feet of his statue that comes to life"). That sculpture, currently at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, now bears the expected modern title Pygmalion and Galatea.
According to Meyer Reinhold, the name "Galatea" was first given wide circulation in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's scène lyrique of 1762, Pygmalion. The name had become a commonplace of pastoral fictions, because of the well-known myth of Acis and Galatea; one of Honoré d'Urfé's characters in L'Astrée was a Galatea, though not this sculptural creation.
Myth
editThe story of Pygmalion appeared earliest in a Hellenistic work, Philostephanus' history of Cyprus, "De Cypro".[8] It is retold in Ovid's Metamorphoses,[9] where the king Pygmalion is made into a sculptor who fell in love with a marble statue he had crafted with his own hands. In answer to his prayers, the goddess Aphrodite brought it to life and united the couple in marriage. This novella remained the classical telling until the end of the seventeenth century. The trope of the animated statue gained a vogue during the eighteenth century.[10]
The daemon of Pygmalion's goddess, animating her cult image, bore him a son Paphus—the eponym of the city of Paphos—and Metharme. Of "this ecstatic relationship", Meyer Reinhold has remarked, "there may be lurking a survival of the ancient cult of the Great Goddess and her consort".[6]
Cinyras, perhaps the son of Paphus,[11] or perhaps the successful suitor of Metharme, founded the city of Paphos on Cyprus, under the patronage of Aphrodite, and built the great temple to the goddess there.[12]
Bibliotheke, the Hellenistic compendium of myth long attributed to Apollodorus, mentions a daughter of Pygmalion named Metharme.[13] She was the wife of Cinyras, and the mother of Adonis, beloved of Aphrodite, although Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras, is more commonly named as the mother of Adonis.
It was commonly rumored in Roman times that Praxiteles's cult image of Aphrodite of Knidos in Aphrodite's temple was so beautiful that at least one admirer arranged to be shut in with it overnight.[14]
Interpretation
editThe myth indicates that a cult image of Aphrodite was instrumental in some way in the founding myth of Paphos. It also seems axiomatic, apart from miraculous intervention, that the living representative of a cult image could be none but the chief priestess. Robert Graves gives a socio-political interpretation of the story, as a mythologized overthrow of a matrilineal cult. In his view Pygmalion, the consort of the goddess's priestess at Paphos, kept the cult image of Aphrodite as a means of retaining power during his term, after which, Graves speculates, he refused to give up the goddess's image "and that he prolonged this by marriage with another of Aphrodite's priestesses—technically his daughter, since she was heiress to the throne—who is called Metharme ("change"), to mark the innovation".[15]
William Moulton Marston drew inspiration from the Galatea and Pygmalion myth in creating his allegorical myth of Wonder Woman's clay birth, with Hippolyte being in the "Pygmalion" role sculpting her daughter Wonder Woman (as the "Galatea") from clay and given life by Aphrodite's breath. It was Marston's intention to express the creative power of a mother's love for a child and that Wonder Woman is the product of her mother's rearing, and therefore personifying much of her mother's qualities of independence, self sufficiency, strength of character, non-limiting beliefs, etc.[citation needed]
See also
edit- Galene (mythology)
- List of Metamorphoses characters
- Galata, Cyprus
- Galatea (moon), a moon of Neptune
- 74 Galatea, main-belt asteroid
- Galatea, New Zealand
- La Galatea, 1585 book by Miguel de Cervantes
- Gallathea or Galatea, 1588 play by John Lyly
- Die schöne Galathée, 1865 operetta by Franz von Suppé
- Pygmalion and Galatea, 1871 play by W. S. Gilbert
- Galatea 2.2, 1995 pseudo-autobiographical novel by American writer Richard Powers
- Galatea is the name of the main flagship in the 1998 PC game Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War
- Galatea is the name of the gynoid in the 1999 film Bicentennial Man.
- Galatea, a 2000 interactive fiction video game
- Galatea of Justice League Unlimited (2001–2006)
- Galatea is the name of a character in the anime series Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040
Notes and references
edit- ^ Galene in the Smith Classics Dictionary Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. The suffix -teia or -theia means "goddess", as in other Nereid names: Amatheia, Psamathe, Leukotheia, Pasitheia, etc. Hesiod has both a Galene ("Calm-Sea") and a Galateia named as Nereids. Galateia as "sea-calm Goddess" seems a likely inference; the reasoning for Galateia as Milky-White comes from the adjectival form of galaktos, galakteia.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 250; Homer, Iliad, 18.45.
- ^ Ovid, Met. 13.738, 13.789.
- ^ Virgil, Ec. 1.30, 1.31, 3.64, 3.72, 7.37, 9.39, Aen. 9.103.
- ^ Helen H. Law, "The name Galatea in the Pygmalion myth", The Classical Journal, 27 (1932), pp. 337–342
- ^ a b Reinhold, Meyer (May 1971). "The Naming of Pygmalion's Animated Statue". The Classical Journal. 66 (4): 316–319. JSTOR 3296568. Reinhold notes that the first edition of Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica (1788), does not have an entry for "Galatea", which was inserted in later editions.
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.9
- ^ Reinhold 1971, p. 316.
- ^ Metamorphoses x.243ff.
- ^ J.L. Carr, "Pygmalion and the philosophes: the animated statue in eighteenth-century France" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 23 (1960), pp. 239–255.
- ^ According to the Roman Hyginus, Fabula 142, Cinyras was a son of Paphus, thus legitimate in the patrineal manner, but Bibliotheke makes Cinyras an interloper, arriving with some of his people from Syria on the nearest coast of Asia, thus a suitor from outside, in the matrilineal manner; the conflict is instructive.
- ^ Hamilton, Edith (1969) [1940]. "Eight Brief Tales of Lovers". Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes (Renewal ed.). New York: Mentor Books. pp. 112–115. ISBN 0-451-62803-9.
- ^ Bibliotheke, iii.14.3.
- ^ Recorded in the second-century dialogue Erotes that is traditionally misattributed to Lucian of Samosata.
- ^ Graves, Robert (1960). The Greek Myths. p. 64.1. ISBN 0-14-017199-1.
External links
edit
- Galatea the Nereid in classical literature and art
- Galatea depicted with Polyphemus on a golden harpsichord by Michele Todini, Rome, 1675 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art