Gonzalo Thought (Spanish: Pensamiento Gonzalo), also known as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought and Gonzaloism,[1] is an ideological doctrine developed by Peruvian revolutionary Abimael Guzmán (also known as Chairman Gonzalo) as an interpretation of Peruvian reality based on Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.
Anti-revisionist in nature, Gonzalo Thought was the ideological basis of the Communist Party of Peru—Shining Path (PCP-SL) and the trigger for the Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000.[2][3] The ideology is based on the synthesized philosophies of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, and José Carlos Mariátegui. The term "Gonzalo Thought" comes from the alias used by Abimael Guzmán, "Chairman Gonzalo", who was considered by his followers to be the "Fourth Sword of Marxism", a direct successor to Marx, Lenin, and Mao.[1][4]
Although initially raised from the Peruvian reality through a Marxist analysis, Gonzalo Thought expanded to culture, society and language outside Peru and formed the ideological basis of revolutionary groups abroad.[5]
Gonzalo Thought is characterized as anti-democratic and authoritarian. Its adherents put it into practice on their way to implement the People's Republic of New Democracy through the doctrine of "protracted people's war," often entailing terrorist actions to intimidate the population.[2][5]
After the capture of Abimael Guzmán in 1992, various currents claimed to maintain Gonzalo Thought (among them Sendero Rojo or the MOVADEF[6][7]) while other Sendero leaders, such as Comrade José (Víctor Quispe Palomino), renounced Gonzalo Thought altogether and adopted other ideological lines or simply turned to drug trafficking.[8]
Influences
editThe figures who inspired Abimael Guzmán were Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and José Carlos Mariátegui, as well as the academic Efraín Morote Best (folklorist and father of the senderista Osmán Morote Barrionuevo), who was rector at the National University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga (UNSCH) in Ayacucho.[5][9]
Gonzalo Thought was first called "Guiding Thought of Comrade Gonzalo", then "Guiding Thought of President Gonzalo" and, after the celebration of the First Congress of the Shining Path (between 1988 and 1989), it would become "Gonzalo Thought".[10]
The bases of Gonzalo Thought are:
- Marxism, from which he interprets the class struggle and the dictatorship of the proletariat as realities of the world. Therefore, the revolution in a certain place had to be part of the proletarian world revolution, to which it had to belong and support.[11] In addition to the belief in the inevitability of the evolutionary transition that would take human societies from capitalism to communism.[12]
- Leninism, from which he adopted the idea that the revolution would be possible through the work of a party constituted as a "war machine", made up of a vanguard of "cadres" that would in turn be the most advanced expression of the world proletariat, destined to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.[12] In addition, imperialism is described as a new stage of capitalism.[11]
- Maoism, which mainly included the experience of the Chinese Revolution and the concept of people's war, to which Guzmán granted the category of principle of universal validity, along with Mao's theory of contradictions, according to which the struggle of opposites would be generalized at all levels of matter, society and thought.[12]
Finally, Gonzalo Thought unites all of the above and applies it to the Peruvian reality as a development elaborated by Guzmán from the thought of Mariátegui (Mariátegui's thought being considered a "political expression of the Peruvian working class").[12] Gonzalo Thought was accepted by Guzmán's followers as an official ideology, as it would be "the only scientific one", a superior way of appreciating reality.[12]
Components
editAnti-revisionism
editGonzalo Thought adheres to the anti-revisionist line of Marxism, considering revisionists as:
A cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly swept away, otherwise we will not be able to advance in the revolution; and remember what Lenin said, synthetically, we must forge in two issues, forge in revolutionary violence and forge in the implacable struggle against opportunism, against revisionism.[13]
In this way, ideological purity and complete adherence to what was considered the correct line within Marxism was encouraged.[14]
Use of violence
editGonzalo Thought calls for the use of violence through the "people's war" and the "blood quota."[1] For Guzmán:
Regarding violence, we start from a principle established by Chairman Mao Tse Tung: violence is a universal law without any exception, I mean revolutionary violence; This violence is what allows us to resolve the fundamental contradictions with an army and through the people's war. It is a substantive question of Marxism because without revolutionary violence one class cannot be replaced by another, an old order cannot be overthrown to create a new one, a new order led by the proletariat through communist parties.[15]
Violence, as a manifestation of class struggle, was seen as a fundamental step to overthrow the old, enabling the emergence of an overcoming stage of capitalism: communism.[16]
Instrumentalization of education
editWithin Gonzalo Thought, education has the role of recruitment, propaganda and indoctrination of the masses. In this way, the control of university spaces is considered important to train university students in Gonzalo Thought so that they can transmit Guzmán's postulates to the masses.[17]
Cult of personalty
editThe cult of personality around Abimael Guzmán was promoted by the Shining Path, reaching the level of fanaticism.[1] Described as a "messianic leader", the capture of Guzman directly led to the Shining Path's collapse.[18][19] Upon his death a national debate ensued that led to the cremation of his remains.[20]
Radical anti-capitalism
editGonzalo Thought categorized all types of private property or commerce as capitalist, going so far as murdering cattle and destroying hydroelectric plants; the justification was that all of these were capitalist instruments. This action was compared to British Luddism of the 19th century. Furthermore, highland peasants were prohibited from buying or selling, for the very fact that it was considered capitalist.[1]
Class executions
editAnyone who was related to or was identified as part of the "bourgeois state", or a collaborator with it, deserved execution, which is why cruelty in murders was encouraged to achieve the obedience of the masses.[1]
Permanent cultural revolution
editInspired by Mao's Cultural Revolution (which sought to eliminate the remains of what were considered capitalist and traditional elements of Chinese society), Gonzalo Thought promoted a permanent "cultural revolution" that would eliminate representatives of the previous society, "changing souls" and preventing the return of capitalism.[21]
See also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ a b c d e f "Qué es el maoísmo, la ideología en la que se inspiró Abimael Guzmán y por la que desencadenó en Perú una guerra sangrienta". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ a b adminpucp (2012-01-19). ""El pensamiento Gonzalo no es una idea democrática"". IDEHPUCP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ "Preguntas frecuentes – Terrorismo Nunca Más". www.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ Galway, Matthew (2021-09-28). "The Final Sheathing of La Cuarta Espada". Made in China Journal. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ a b c Shakespeare, Nicholas (2019-05-30). "The thoughts of Chairman Gonzalo". The Spectator. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ Aznárez, Juan Jesús (1994-09-24). "De Sendero Luminoso a Sendero Rojo". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ Moncada, Andrea (September 13, 2021). "An Unlikely Gift to Peru's President". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I. (2023-07-05). "Justicia de Perú emite orden de captura contra los hermanos Palomino, líderes de Sendero". SWI swissinfo.ch (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ Guzman, Abimael; Yparraguirre Revoredo, Elena (2014). Memorias desde Némesis (PDF) (in Spanish). pp. 20–21.
- ^ Roque, Victor Manuel Pimentel; Sandoval, Oscar Mogollón (2023-05-31). "El planteado"Recodo" de la Organización Terrorista Sendero Luminoso". Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar (in Spanish). 7 (3): 230–253. doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i3.6178. ISSN 2707-2215.
- ^ a b Montesinos Torres, Vladimiro (2009). Sin sendero: alerta temprana. 1 (1 ed.). Lima, Perú: Ezer Ed. ISBN 978-612-45646-0-4.
- ^ a b c d e Ramirez, Ivan; Nureña, César (2012). El Pensamiento Gonzalo: La violencia hecha dogma político (PDF).
- ^ "Retomemos a Mariátegui y reconstituyamos su partido". www.pagina-libre.org. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
- ^ "El oscuro futuro de Perú a causa de Sendero Luminoso | Alvaro Vargas Llosa". El Instituto Independiente. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
- ^ Valencia Cárdenas, Valencia (1992). Los crímenes de sendero luminoso en Ayacucho [Crimes of the Shining Path in Ayacucho] (in Spanish). Lima. p. 14.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Portocarrero, Gonzalo (2012). "Razones de sangre". Fondo Editorial PUCP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-13.
- ^ Sucedió en el Perú (TV Perú) – Terrorismo en el Perú – Parte I – 19/06/2017, 19 September 2017, retrieved 2024-02-13.
- ^ Collyns, Dan (2021-09-17). "Peruvians split on how to handle Shining Path leader's remains". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "The Rise and Fall of Shining Path". COHA. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ Alarcón, Daniel (2021-09-19). "Peru Processes the Death of Abimael Guzmán". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ Musto, Marcello (2018-12-30). "Maoísmo en los Andes: La historia de Abimael Guzmán, líder de Sendero Luminoso". www.sinpermiso.info (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-15.