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Malayan tiger

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This article is about a tiger population. For Japanese Imperial Army general who had the nickname "Malayan Tiger" or "Tiger of Malaya", see Tomoyuki Yamashita. For the football team which has the nickname "Harimau Malaya", see Malaysia national football team.

The Malayan tiger is a tiger from a specific population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies that is native to Peninsular Malaysia.[2] This population inhabits the southern and central parts of the Malay Peninsula, and has been classified as critically endangered. As of April 2014, the population was estimated at 80–120 mature individuals, with a continuing downward trend.[3]

Malayan tiger
A Malayan tiger at National Zoo of Malaysia
A Malayan tiger at National Zoo of Malaysia
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Population: Malayan tiger
Range of the Malayan tiger
Range of the Malayan tiger

In the Malay language, the tiger is called harimau, also abbreviated to rimau.[4] It has also been known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to further distinguish it from the Indochinese tiger population to the north in Myanmar and Thailand, which differ genetically from this population.[5]

Taxonomy

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Felis tigris was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the tiger.[6] Panthera tigris corbetti was proposed by Vratislav Mazák in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.[7][8] Panthera tigris jacksoni was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in mtDNA and micro-satellite sequences to P. t. corbetti.[5] Since revision of felid taxonomy in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a P. t. tigris population.[2] However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six monophyletic clades based on whole-genome sequencing analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.[9]

Naming

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When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria argued that the new subspecies should be named Panthera tigris malayensis to reflect the geographical region of its range.[10] As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name jacksoni, which honours the tiger conservationist Peter Jackson.[11][12] Nevertheless, P. t. malayensis was used by other authors.[13][14]

Characteristics

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Close up of a tiger's head

There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the Indochinese tigers, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No type specimen was designated.[15] Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than Bengal tigers. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is 8 ft 6 in (259 cm), and of a female 7 ft 10 in (239 cm).[16] Body length of 16 female tigers in the State of Terengganu ranged from 70 to 103 in (180 to 260 cm) and averaged 80.1 in (203 cm). Their height ranged from 23 to 41 in (58 to 104 cm), and their body weight from 52 to 195 lb (24 to 88 kg). Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from 75 to 112 in (190 to 280 cm), with an average of 94.2 in (239 cm). Their height ranged from 24 to 45 in (61 to 114 cm), and their body weight from 104 to 284.7 lb (47.2 to 129.1 kg).[8]

Distribution and habitat

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The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern Thailand.[3]

Tigers abounded on Singapore Island in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the Strait of Johor. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. Tiger hunting became a sport in those years.[17] The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger bounties, and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.[18] Tigers were extirpated on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.[8]

In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, and Johor, and many riparian habitats outside forests in Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the South China Sea had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the Strait of Malacca in the west did not.[19] The total potential tiger habitat was 66,211 km2 (25,564 sq mi), which comprised 37,674 km2 (14,546 sq mi) of confirmed tiger habitat, 11,655 km2 (4,500 sq mi) of expected tiger habitat and 16,882 km2 (6,518 sq mi) of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than 402 km2 (155 sq mi) in size had tigers.[19]

In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.[20] As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.[21][22][23]

Ecology and behaviour

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Two female cubs playing together

Malayan tigers prey on sambar deer, barking deer, Indian hog deer, wild boar, Bornean bearded pig and mainland serow, as well as Asian black bear and sun bear.[24]

Threats

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Habitat fragmentation because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.[19] Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about 13,500 km2 (5,200 sq mi) natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly 64,800 km2 (25,000 sq mi) was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for palm oil production. An area of around 8,300 km2 (3,200 sq mi) constituted prime tiger habitat.[25]

Commercial poaching occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.[26] Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.[27] The demand for tiger body parts used in Chinese traditional medicine apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 snares from protected areas.[21][22][23]

Conservation

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The tiger is included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.[26] The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers (MYCAT) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Traffic Southeast Asia, Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme and WWF-Malaysia."[28] It also includes the Department of Wildlife and National Parks.[29] In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.[30] In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.[31] MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.[32]

In November 2021, the Cabinet of Malaysia announced the initiation of nine conservation strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of patrols, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural habitat; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia's Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the Royal Malaysia Police and the National Wildlife Forensics Laboratory were emboldened for its ex situ conservation, and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat accreditation schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with zoos and universities in other countries to further research into inbreeding, and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The moratorium ban on deer hunting was extended further.[33]

Cultural references

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The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.[34] In Emilio Salgari's cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate Sandokan, the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".[35]

See also

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  • Holocene extinction

References

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  1. ^ Perhilitan (2017). Red List of Mammals For Peninsular Malaysia (PDF). Kuala Lumpur: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia. Version 2.0.
  2. ^ a b Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 66–68.
  3. ^ a b Kawanishi, K. (2015). "Panthera tigris subsp. jacksoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136893A50665029.
  4. ^ Wilkinson, R. J. (1901). A Malay-English dictionary. Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh Limited.
  5. ^ a b Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.-Q.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U. K.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D.; O'Brien, S. J. (2004). "Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810. PMID 15583716.
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis tigris". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41.
  7. ^ Mazák, V. (1968). "Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est". Mammalia. 32 (1): 104−112. doi:10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104. S2CID 84054536.
  8. ^ a b c Khan, M.K.M. (1986). "Tigers in Malaysia". The Journal of Wildlife and Parks. V: 1–23.
  9. ^ Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D.; O’Brien, S. J.; Luo, S.-J. (2018). "Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers". Current Biology. 28 (23): 3840–3849. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E3840L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019. PMID 30482605.
  10. ^ Peng, L. Y. (2004). "Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies". The Star Online. Malacca. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  11. ^ O’Brien, S. J.; Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E. (2005). "Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger Panthera tigris". Cat News. 42: 6−8.
  12. ^ McMullin, A. (2005). "IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes". International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland.
  13. ^ Schirmer, E. M. (2012). "4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore". When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 978-9-8144-0884-4.
  14. ^ Jaafar, H. Z. E. & Ashraf, M. A. (2017). "1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna". In Ashraf, M. A.; Othman, R. & Ishak, C. F. (eds.). Soils of Malaysia. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-3519-9857-4.
  15. ^ Mazák, J. H.; Groves, C. P. (2006). "A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris)" (PDF). Mammalian Biology. 71 (5): 268–287. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ Locke, A. (1956). The tigers of Terengganu. London: Museum Press Ltd.
  17. ^ Owen, G. P. (1921). "A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore" (PDF). In Makepeace, W.; Brooke, G. & Braddell, R. (eds.). One hundred years of Singapore. Vol. II. London: John Murray. pp. 368–374. ISBN 9789354033353.
  18. ^ Buckley, C. (1902). "Section 2". An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867. Vol. II. Singapore: Fraser & Neave. pp. 407–622.
  19. ^ a b c Kawanishi, K.; Yatim, S. H.; Abu Hashim, A. K. & Topani, R. (2003). "Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia). 21: 29–50. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06.
  20. ^ Hance, J. (2014). "Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals". Mongabay.
  21. ^ a b "Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction". Bernama. Kuala Lumpur: Free Malaysia Today. 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  22. ^ a b Yahaya, A. M. (2019-07-30). "Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction". The Star Online. Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  23. ^ a b Arif, Z. M. (2019-08-03). "Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve". New Straits Times. Gerik. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  24. ^ Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E. (2004). "Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia". Biological Conservation. 120 (3): 329–344. Bibcode:2004BCons.120..329K. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005.
  25. ^ Shevade, V.S.; Potapov, P.V.; Harris, N.L. & Loboda, T.V. (2017). "Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat". Remote Sensing. 9 (7): 747. Bibcode:2017RemS....9..747S. doi:10.3390/rs9070747. hdl:1903/31503.
  26. ^ a b Nowell, K. (2007). Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Traffic International.
  27. ^ Shepherd, C. R. S.; Khan, S.; Krishnasamy, K. (2013). "Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia". Cat News (59): 11.
  28. ^ Shahar, F. M. (2013). "Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  29. ^ Sundararaj, A. (2013). "Tigers, our heritage". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  30. ^ "Tiger hotline gets good response from public". The Star. 2007. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  31. ^ Heing, N. (2013). "Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting". The Star. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  32. ^ Lee, P. (2014). "Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250". The Star. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  33. ^ "Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told". www.thesundaily.my. 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  34. ^ DiPiazza, F. (2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-2674-2.
  35. ^ Adami, S. (2006). "Emilio Salgari (1862–1911)". In Marrone, G.; Puppa, P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 1654–1655. ISBN 9781135455309.
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