Wikipedia

Lyon

(Redirected from Lyonais)
Not to be confused with Lion.
"Lyons" redirects here. For other uses, see Lyon (disambiguation) and Lyons (disambiguation).

Lyon is the third-largest city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north of Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km (36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne.

Lyon
Liyon (Arpitan)
Prefecture and commune
Skyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu
Confluence District
Pont Lafayette
Flag of Lyon
Flag
Coat of arms of Lyon
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Avant, avant, Lion le melhor
(old Franco-Provençal for "Forward, forward, Lyon the best")[a]
Virtute duce, comite fortuna
("With virtue as guide and fortune as companion")[b]
Location of Lyon
Map
Lyon is located in France
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon is located in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Lyon
Lyon
Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E / 45.76°N 4.84°E / 45.76; 4.84
CountryFrance
RegionAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes
MetropolisLyon Metropolis
ArrondissementLyon
Subdivisions9 arrondissements
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Grégory Doucet[2] (EELV)
Area
1
47.87 km2 (18.48 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2020[3])
1,141.4 km2 (440.7 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2020[4])
4,605.8 km2 (1,778.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[5]
522,250
 • Rank3rd in France
 • Density11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (Jan. 2021[6])
1,702,921
 • Urban density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (Jan. 2021[7])
2,308,818
 • Metro density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
69123 /69001-69009
Elevation162–349 m (531–1,145 ft)
Websitelyon.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

The City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census within its small municipal territory of 48 km2 (19 sq mi),[8] but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a population of 2,308,818 that same year,[7] the second most populated in France. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[9] Lyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of the Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no longer extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015).

The capital of the Gauls during the Roman Empire, Lyon is the seat of an archbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls. Lyon became a major economic hub during the Renaissance. The city is recognised for its cuisine and gastronomy, as well as historical and architectural landmarks; as such, the districts of Old Lyon, the Fourvière hill, the Presqu'île and the slopes of the Croix-Rousse are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. Lyon played a significant role in the history of cinema since Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph there. The city is also known for its light festival, the Fête des lumières, which begins every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of "Capital of Lights".

Economically, Lyon is a major centre for banking, chemical, pharmaceutical and biotech industries. The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games; in recent years it has fostered a growing local start-up sector.[10] The home of renowned universities and higher education schools, Lyon is the second-largest student city in France, with a university population of nearly 200,000 students within the Metropolis of Lyon.[11] Lyon hosts the international headquarters of Interpol, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, as well as Euronews. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute, Lyon is considered a Beta city, as of 2018.[12] It ranked second in France and 40th globally in Mercer's 2019 liveability rankings.[13]

History

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Main article: History of Lyon
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Lyon.

Toponymy

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The name of the city has taken the forms Lugdon, Luon, and since the 13th century, Lyon. The Gallic Lugdun or Lugdunon that was Latinized in Roman as Lugdunum is composed of two words. The first may be the name of the Celtic god Lug (in charge of order and law), or the derived word lugon, meaning "crow" (the crow being the messenger of Lug), but might also be another word lug, meaning "light". The second is dunos ('fortress', 'hill'). The name thus may designate the hill of Fourvière, on which the ancient city of Lyon is founded, but could mean "hill of the god Lug", "hill of the crows" or "shining hill".[14] [15]

Alternatively Julius Pokorny associates the first part of the word with the Indo-European radical *lūg ('dark, black, swamp'), the basis of the toponyms Ludza in Latvia, Lusatia in Germany (from Sorbian Łužica), and several places in the Czech Republic named Lužice;[16] it could then also be compared to Luze in Franche-Comté and various hydronyms such as Louge.

Further down, in the current Saint-Vincent district, was the Gallic village of Condate, probably a simple hamlet of sailors or fishermen living on the banks of the Saône. Condate is a Gallic word meaning "confluence", from which the Confluence district gets its name.

In Roman times the city was called Caput Galliæ, meaning "capital of the Gauls". As an homage to this title, the Archbishop of Lyon is still called the Primate of Gaul.

During the revolutionary period, Lyon was renamed Commune-Affranchie ("Emancipated Commune") on 12 October 1793 by a decree of the Convention Nationale. It resumed its name in 1794, after the end of the Terror.

Lyon is called Liyon in Franco-Provençal.[17]

Timeline of Lyon
Historical affiliations

 Roman Empire (Gallia Lugdunensis), 43 BC-286
 Western Roman Empire (Gallia Lugdunensis), 286-411
 Kingdom of the Burgundians, 411–534
 Francia, 534–843
 Middle Francia, 843–855
 Lotharingia, 855–879
 Lower Burgundy, 879-933
 Kingdom of Arles, 933–1312
  Kingdom of France (Lyonnais), 1312–1792
  French First Republic, 1792–1793
  Counter-revolutionary, 1793
  French First Republic, 1793–1804
  First French Empire, 1804–1814
  Kingdom of France, 1814–1815
  First French Empire, 1815
  Kingdom of France, 1815–1830
  Kingdom of France, 1830–1848
  French Second Republic, 1848–1852
  Second French Empire, 1852–1870
  French Third Republic, 1870–1940
  Vichy France, 1940–1944
  French Fourth Republic, 1944–1958
  France, 1958–present

Ancient Lyon

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Main article: Lugdunum

According to the historian Dio Cassius, in 43 BC, the Roman Senate ordered the creation of a settlement for Roman refugees of war with the Allobroges. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers. The foundation was built on Fourvière hill and officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity and the blessing of the gods. The city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum (and occasionally Lugudunum[18]).[19] The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as "Desired Mountain" is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary.[20] In contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lug[o]dunon, after the Celtic god Lugus (cognate with Old Irish Lugh, Modern Irish Lú), and dúnon (hill-fort).

 
The Roman-era Theatre on the Fourvière Hill

The Romans recognised that Lugdunum's strategic location at the convergence of two navigable rivers made it a natural communications hub. The city became the starting point of main Roman roads in the area, and it quickly became the capital of the province, Gallia Lugdunensis. Two Emperors were born in this city: Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic Senators, and Caracalla.

Early Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimius Severus.[21] Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, among others. The Greek Irenaeus was the second bishop of Lyon during the latter part of the second century.[22] To this day, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as "Primat des Gaules".[23]

Burgundians fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled in eastern Gaul. In 443 the Romans established the Kingdom of the Burgundians, and Lugdunum became its capital in 461. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon went to the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I. It later was made part of the Kingdom of Arles which was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1033. Lyon did not come under French control until the 14th century.

Modern Lyon

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Fernand Braudel remarked, "Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development...from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution".[24] In the late 15th century, the fairs introduced by Italian merchants made Lyon the economic counting house of France. Even the Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon remained the banking centre of France.

During the Renaissance, the city's development was driven by the silk trade, which strengthened its ties to Italy. Italian influence on Lyon's architecture is still visible among historic buildings.[25] In the late 1400s and 1500s Lyon was also a key centre of literary activity and book publishing, both of French writers (such as Maurice Scève, Antoine Heroet, and Louise Labé) and of Italians in exile (such as Luigi Alamanni and Gian Giorgio Trissino).

 
Lyon under siege in 1793
 
Massacre during the Canut rebellion of 1834

In 1572, Lyon was a scene of mass violence by Catholics against Protestant Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Two centuries later, Lyon was again convulsed by violence during the French Revolution, when the citizenry rose up against the National Convention and supported the Girondins. The city was besieged by Revolutionary armies for over two months before it surrendered in October 1793. Many buildings were destroyed, especially around the Place Bellecour, and Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois and Joseph Fouché administered the execution of more than 2,000 people. The Convention ordered that its name be changed to "Liberated City", and a plaque was erected that proclaimed "Lyons made war on Liberty; Lyons no longer exists". A decade later, Napoleon ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during that period.

The convention was not the only target within Lyon during the French Revolution. After the Convention faded into history, the French Directory appeared and days after the 4 September 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor, a Directory's commissioner was assassinated in Lyon.

The city became an important industrial town in the 19th century. In 1831 and 1834, the canuts (silk workers) of Lyon staged two major uprisings for better working conditions and pay. In 1862, the first of Lyon's extensive network of funicular railways began operation.

During World War II, Lyon was a centre for the occupying Nazi forces, including Klaus Barbie, the infamous "Butcher of Lyon". However, the city was also a stronghold of the French Resistance, the many secret passages known as traboules, enabled people to escape Gestapo raids. On 3 September 1944, Lyon was liberated by the 1st Free French Division and the Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur. The city is now home to a Resistance museum.[26][27]

Geography

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The Saône-Rhône confluence

The Rhône and Saône converge to the south of the historic city centre, forming a peninsula – the "Presqu'île" – bounded by two large hills to the west and north and a large plain eastward. Place Bellecour is located on the Presqu'île between the two rivers and is the third-largest public square in France. The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour.

The northern hill is La Croix-Rousse, known as "the hill that works" because it is traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city has long been renowned.[28]

The western hill is Fourvière, known as "the hill that prays" because it is the location for Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, several convents, and Archbishop residence. The district, Vieux Lyon, also hosts the Tour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the Eiffel Tower) and one of the city's railways.[29] Fourvière, along with portions of the Presqu'île and much of La Croix-Rousse, is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[30]

East of the Rhône from the Presqu'île is a large flat area upon which sits much of modern Lyon and contains most of the city's population. Situated in this area is La Part-Dieu urban centre, which clusters the landmark structures Tour Incity, Tour Part-Dieu, Tour Oxygène, and Tour Swiss Life, as well as the city's primary railway station, Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu.

North of this district lays the sixth arrondissement, which is home to one of Europe's largest urban parks, the Parc de la Tête d'or, as well as Lycée du Parc and Interpol's world headquarters.

 
Panorama of the inner city of Lyon, taken from the basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière's roof

Climate

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Ice on the Saône, 2012

Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), bordering an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Do).[31] The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month is 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). Precipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in), the winter months are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13 August 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22 December 1938.[32]

Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		34.2
(93.6) 		38.4
(101.1) 		40.4
(104.7) 		41.4
(106.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		41.4
(106.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.0
(82.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		17.5
(63.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		13.0
(55.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.0
(35.6) 		8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4) 		−22.5
(−8.5) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.8
(1.96) 		41.6
(1.64) 		49.4
(1.94) 		68.9
(2.71) 		80.9
(3.19) 		74.1
(2.92) 		67.4
(2.65) 		65.5
(2.58) 		82.5
(3.25) 		99.8
(3.93) 		87.2
(3.43) 		53.7
(2.11) 		820.8
(32.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.1 7.9 8.4 9.0 10.3 8.5 7.5 7.2 7.3 9.9 9.4 9.2 102.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.1 102.4 173.7 197.7 223.8 256.5 288.1 263.1 204.1 131.4 78.9 58.7 2,049.5
Source 1: Meteo France[33]
Source 2: Meteo Lyon[34]
Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.1
(98.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.8
(91.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.3
(81.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		32.8
(91.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		15.9
(60.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.7
(54.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		11.5
(52.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		1.4
(34.5) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.5
(38.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		7.1
(44.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−7.0
(19.4)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.0
(2.13) 		53.8
(2.12) 		72.2
(2.84) 		56.1
(2.21) 		72.6
(2.86) 		73.2
(2.88) 		54.5
(2.15) 		71.6
(2.82) 		53.2
(2.09) 		56.2
(2.21) 		68.0
(2.68) 		55.8
(2.20) 		741.2
(29.19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.4 9.3 9.7 9.6 10.9 8.2 6.8 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.9 9.8 107.6
Average snowy days 5.5 3.9 2.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.6 19.6
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 74 71 72 70 65 70 76 82 84 86 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.6 89.8 147.5 184.2 215.9 250.9 292.6 259.0 208.1 134.3 75.3 55.4 1,975.6
Percent possible sunshine 23 31 41 46 47 54 62 60 56 40 27 21 42
Source 1: NOAA[35]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)[36]

Administration

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Commune

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Main article: Arrondissements of Lyon
 
Map of the City of Lyon divided into 9 arrondissements

Like Paris and Marseille, the commune (municipality) of Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements, each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between 1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th – and, to date, final – arrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods are:

Geographically, Lyon's two main rivers, the Saône and the Rhône, divide the arrondissements into three groups:

  • To the west of the Saône, the fifth arrondissement covers the old city of Vieux Lyon, Fourvière hill and the plateau beyond. The 9th is immediately to the north, and stretches from Gorge de Loup, through Vaise to the neighbouring suburbs of Écully, Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or and Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or.
  • Between the two rivers, on the Presqu'île, are the second, first, and fourth arrondissements. The second includes most of the city centre, Bellecour and Perrache railway station, and reaches as far as the confluence of the two rivers. The first is directly to the north of the second and covers part of the city centre (including the Hôtel de Ville) and the slopes of La Croix-Rousse. To the north of the Boulevard is the fourth arrondissement, which covers the Plateau of La Croix-Rousse, up to its boundary with the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire.
  • To the east of the Rhône, are the third, sixth, seventh, and eighth arrondissements.

Mayors

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This is a list of mayors of the commune of Lyon since the end of the 19th century.

 
The lion, symbol of the city, on display at Maison des avocats
Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Antoine Gailleton 1881 1900
Victor Augagneur 1900 30 October 1905 PRS
Édouard Herriot 30 October 1905 20 September 1940 Radical
Georges Cohendy 20 September 1940 1941 Nominated and dismissed by Vichy
Georges Villiers 1941 1942 Nominated and dismissed by Vichy
Pierre-Louis-André Bertrand 1942 1944 Nominated by Vichy
Justin Godart 1944 18 May 1945 Radical
Édouard Herriot 18 May 1945 26 March 1957 Radical
Pierre Montel, ad interim 26 March 1957 14 April 1957 Radical
Louis Pradel 14 April 1957 27 November 1976 DVD
Armand Tapernoux, ad interim 27 November 1976 5 December 1976 DVD
Francisque Collomb 5 December 1976 24 March 1989 DVD
Michel Noir 24 March 1989 25 June 1995 RPR
Raymond Barre 25 June 1995 25 March 2001 DVD
Gérard Collomb 25 March 2001 17 July 2017 PS
Georges Képénékian 17 July 2017 5 November 2018 LREM
Gérard Collomb 5 November 2018 4 July 2020 LREM
Grégory Doucet 4 July 2020 Incumbent EELV

Metropolis

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Map of the Metropolis of Lyon and its 59 communes (the commune of Lyon is in red)
 
Map showing the 14 electoral wards of the Metropolis of Lyon

Since 2015, the commune of Lyon (48 km2 (19 sq mi) in land area) and 58 suburban communes have formed the Metropolis of Lyon (534 km2 (206 sq mi) in land area), a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues. The Metropolis of Lyon is the only metropolitan authority in France which is a territorial collectivity, on par with French communes and departments. Its metropolitan council was for the first time directly elected by universal suffrage in 2020 within 14 electoral wards, the only directly elected metropolitan council in France.

The 14 electoral wards are the following (see map for location):

  Lônes et coteaux
  Lyon-Centre (Lyon-Centre)
  Lyon-Est (Lyon-East)
  Lyon-Nord (Lyon-North)
  Lyon-Ouest
  Lyon-Sud
  Lyon-Sud-Est
  Ouest
  Plateau Nord-Caluire
  Porte des Alpes
  Portes du Sud
  Rhône Amont
  Val de Saône
  Villeurbanne

The six wards with names starting with "Lyon" are all located within the commune of Lyon. The Villeurbanne ward is coterminous with the namesake commune. All other seven wards each group various suburban communes.

The division of the Metropolis of Lyon in large electoral wards often grouping various communes and dividing the commune of Lyon into six wards was criticized by the suburban mayors, as it ended the rule of 'one commune, one metropolitan councilor'. The goal of this electoral division of the metropolis was to focus metropolitan elections more on metropolitan issues than parochial communal issues, and ensure the 'one person, one vote' rule be respected, by creating electoral wards of more homogeneous population sizes. Opponents said it diluted the voice of the small suburban communes, which are now part of large electoral wards and do not each possess a representative in the metropolitan council anymore.

Presidents of the Metropolitan Council

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The two first presidents of the Metropolis of Lyon's metropolitan council were chosen by indirectly elected metropolitan councilors. The current president since July 2020 was elected by new metropolitan councilors following their election by universal suffrage in March (1st round) and June (2nd round) 2020, the first direct election of a metropolitan council in France.

President of the Metropolitan Council Term start Term end   Party
Gérard Collomb 1 January 2015 10 July 2017 PS
David Kimelfeld 10 July 2017 2 July 2020 LREM
Bruno Bernard 2 July 2020 Incumbent EELV

Main sights

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Antiquity

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Middle Ages and Renaissance

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17th and 18th centuries

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19th century and modern city

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Museums

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The Musée des Confluences from the Raymond Barre bridge

Parks and gardens

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Main article: Parks in Lyon
 
The lake in the Parc de la Tête d'or
  • Parc de la Tête d'or, aka Golden Head Park, in central Lyon is the largest urban park in France at 117 hectares (290 acres). Located in the 6th arrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place during the summer months.
  • Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares (20 acres)), included in the Parc de la Tête d'Or, is a municipal botanical garden and is open weekdays without charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to earlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as France's largest municipal botanical garden.
  • Parc de Gerland, in the south of the city (80 hectares (200 acres))
  • Parc des hauteurs, in Fourvières
  • Parc de Miribel-Jonage (2,200 hectares (5,400 acres))
  • Parc de Lacroix-Laval (115 hectares (280 acres))
  • Parc de Parilly (178 hectares (440 acres))

Economy

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See also: Industrial history of Lyon
 
La Part-Dieu, the city's central business district

The GDP of Lyon was 124 billion US dollars in 2019,[c][39] making it the second richest city in France after Paris. Lyon and its region Rhône-Alpes represent one of the most important economies in Europe and, according to Loughborough University, can be compared to Philadelphia, Mumbai or Athens with regard to its international position. The city of Lyon is working in partnership to more easily enable the establishment of new headquarters in the territory (ADERLY, Chambre du commerce et d'industrie, Grand Lyon...). High-tech industries such as biotechnology, software development, video game (Arkane Studios, Ivory Tower, Eden Games, EA France, Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe), and internet services are also growing. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Lyon is home to the P4-Inserm–ean Merieux Laboratory which conducts top-level vaccine research.[40]

The city is home to the headquarters of many large companies such as Groupe SEB, Sanofi Pasteur, Renault Trucks, Norbert Dentressangle, LCL S.A., Descours & Cabaud, Merial, Point S, BioMérieux, Iveco Bus, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône, GL Events, April Group, Boiron, Feu Vert, Panzani, Babolat, Lyon Airports, LVL Medical, and inter-governmental agencies IARC and Interpol. The specialisation of some sectors of activities has led to the creation of many main business centres: La Part-Dieu, located in the 3rd arrondissement is the second biggest business quarter after La Défense in Paris with over 1,600,000 m2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs.[41] Cité Internationale, created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of Confluence, in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.

Tourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006 provided by non-residents.[citation needed] Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure.[citation needed] In January 2009, Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business.[citation needed] The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the Fête des lumières, the Nuits de Fourvière every summer, the Biennale d'art contemporain and the Nuits Sonores.

Culture

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Guignol, created in the early 19th C., associated with the silk-workers

Since the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of Franco-Provençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However some "frenchified" Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls "gones" and "fenottes" for example.[42]

  • The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Institut Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artifacts.
  • 8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles (luminions) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.
  • The Saint Francis of Sales church is famous for its large and unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ, attracting audiences from around the world.
  • The Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) is the home of the Opéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.
  • Lyon is also the French capital of "trompe l'œil" walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen around the city. This old tradition is now finding a contemporary expression, for example in the art of Guillaume Bottazzi.[43][44]
  • The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.
  • The African Museum of Lyon is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon.[45]
  • The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various individuals prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the centre of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town centre. The exhibition is largely a series of , mini-biographies of those involved.
  • Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities program.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

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Passage de l'Argue

The historic site of Lyon was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. In its designation, UNESCO cited the "exceptional testimony to the continuity of urban settlement over more than two millennia on a site of great commercial and strategic significance."[30] The specific regions comprising the historic site include the Roman district and Fourvière, the Renaissance district (Vieux Lyon), the silk district (slopes of Croix-Rousse), and the Presqu'île, which features architecture from the 12th century to modern times.[46]

Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow passageways (named traboules) that pass through buildings and link streets on either side. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been built in Lyon in the 4th century.[47] The traboules allowed the inhabitants to get from their homes to the Saône quickly and allowed the canuts on the Croix-Rousse hill to get from their workshops to the textile merchants at the foot of the hill.

Gastronomy

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Main article: Lyonnaise cuisine
 
Île Barbe bakery at the Halles de Lyon-Paul Bocuse [fr]

Lyon has a long and chronicled culinary arts tradition. The noted food critic Curnonsky referred to the city as "the gastronomic capital of the world",[48] a claim repeated by later writers such as Bill Buford.[49] Renowned 3-star Michelin chefs such as Marie Bourgeois[50] and Eugénie Brazier[51] developed Lyonnaise cuisine into a national phenomenon favoured by the French elite; a tradition which Paul Bocuse later turned into a worldwide success.[52] The bouchon is a traditional Lyonnais restaurant that serves local fare such as sausages, duck pâté or roast pork, along with local wines. Two of France's best known wine-growing regions are located near the city: the Beaujolais region to the north and the Côtes du Rhône region to the south. Another Lyon tradition is a type of brunch food called "mâchons", made of local charcuterie and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine. Mâchons were the customary meal of the canuts, the city's silk workers, who ate a late-morning meal after they finished their shifts in the factories.[53]

Other traditional local dishes include coq au vin; quenelle; gras double; salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg); and the sausage-based rosette lyonnaise and andouillette. Popular local confections include marron glacé and coussin de Lyon. Cervelle de canut (literally, "silk worker's brains") is a cheese spread/dip made of a base of fromage blanc, seasoned with chopped herbs, shallots, salt, pepper, olive oil and vinegar.

More recently, the french tacos was invented in Lyon suburbs (Vaulx-en-Velin) (or Grenoble according to some theories), in the early 2000s and is now famous worldwide.[54][55]

Sport

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Parc Olympique Lyonnais

Lyon is home to the football club Olympique Lyonnais (OL), whose men's team plays in Ligue 1 and has won the championship of that competition seven times, all consecutively from 2002 to 2008.[56] OL played until December 2015 at the 43,000-seat Stade de Gerland, which also hosted matches of the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Since 2016, the team has played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a 59,000-seat stadium located in the eastern suburb of Décines-Charpieu.[57] OL operates a women's team, Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, which competes in and dominates Division 1 Féminine. They won fourteen consecutive top-flight championships (2007–2020), and additionally claim the four titles won by the original incarnation of FC Lyon, a women's football club that merged into OL in 2004 (the current FC Lyon was founded in 2009). The OL women have also won the UEFA Women's Champions League eight times, including in five consecutive editions from 2016 to 2020. Lyon hosted the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup semi-finals as well as the Final on 7 July at Stade de Lyon.

 
Stade de Gerland

Lyon has a rugby union team, Lyon OU, in the Top 14, which moved into Stade de Gerland full-time in 2017–18. In addition, Lyon has a rugby league side called Lyon Villeurbanne that plays in the French rugby league championship. The club's home is the Stade Georges Lyvet in Villeurbanne.

Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in France's national ice hockey league. The Patinoire Charlemagne is the seat of Club des Sports de Glace de Lyon, the club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and world champions Isabelle Delobel and Olivier Shoenfelder.[58] Lyon-Villeurbanne also has a basketball team, ASVEL, that plays at the Astroballe arena.

Street art

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Since 2000, Birdy Kids, a group of graffiti artists from the city, has decorated several random buildings and walls along the Lyon ring road. In 2012, the artist collective was chosen to represent the city as its cultural ambassadors.[59]

Demographics

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The population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 522,250 at the January 2021 census.[8] As of 2011, 14% of its population was born outside Metropolitan France.[60]

Population of Lyon (commune)
(within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801101,760—    
1806114,643+2.41%
1821149,611+1.79%
1831182,668+2.02%
1836198,683+1.60%
1841206,670+0.79%
1846238,466+2.86%
1851259,220+1.68%
1856293,743+2.66%
1861320,326+1.72%
1866325,219+0.30%
1872324,590−0.03%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1876344,513+1.33%
1881378,581+1.84%
1886404,172+1.45%
1891440,315+1.78%
1896468,311+1.25%
1901461,687−0.29%
1906474,652+0.56%
1911462,248−0.53%
1921462,446+0.00%
1926463,125+0.03%
1931463,647+0.02%
1936463,061−0.03%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1946464,104+0.02%
1954475,343+0.29%
1962535,746+1.54%
1968527,800−0.25%
1975456,716−2.06%
1982413,095−1.42%
1990415,487+0.07%
1999445,452+0.78%
2010484,344+0.78%
2015513,275+1.17%
2021522,250+0.29%
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille).[61] The 1906 figure is the one published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000.
Source: EHESS[62] and INSEE[8]


The city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[9]

Population of Lyon (metropolis)
(59 communes, within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1861418,515—    
1866427,522+0.43%
1872426,552−0.04%
1876453,540+1.37%
1881493,778+1.66%
1886527,621+1.47%
1891566,115+1.46%
1896600,881+1.21%
1901608,856+0.26%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906627,073+0.60%
1911629,931+0.09%
1921659,007+0.45%
1926691,446+0.97%
1931743,297+1.46%
1936738,220−0.14%
1946746,062+0.11%
1954790,662+0.71%
1962947,569+2.34%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19681,077,794+2.17%
19751,153,402+0.98%
19821,138,718−0.18%
19901,166,797+0.30%
19991,199,589+0.31%
20101,296,166+0.72%
20151,370,678+1.12%
20211,424,069+0.64%
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are computed using the redressed figures for the commune of Lyon calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille).[61] The 1906 figure is computed using the figure for the commune of Lyon published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000.
Source: EHESS[63] and INSEE[64]

Foreign-born

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Foreign-born population in Lyon by country of birth[65]
Country of birth Population (2020)
  Algeria 14,779
  Morocco 5,245
  Tunisia 4,879
  Italy 3,351
  Portugal 3,068
  Spain 2,064
  DR Congo 1,520
  China 1,429
  Cameroon 1,364
  Senegal 1,198

Education

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Universities and tertiary education

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ENS Lyon: René Descartes campus
 
Lyon 3: Manufacture des Tabacs campus
 
Lyon 3: Berges du Rhône campus
 
Lyon 2: Berges du Rhône campus
 
IPSA Lyon Campus

Primary and secondary schools

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There are some international private schools in the Lyon area, including:

Supplementary education

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Other Japanese supplementary schools:

  • The Association Pour le Développement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) is held in the Maison Berty Albrecht in Villeurbanne, near Lyon.[66] It was formed in 1987.[67] It serves Japanese expatriate children who wish to continue their Japanese education whilst abroad.

Transport

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Further information: Lyon Metro, Lyon tramway, Trolleybuses in Lyon, Buses in Lyon, Transport in Rhône-Alpes, and TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
 
Platform I, Lyon-Part-Dieu train station
 
T1 tramway on the Raymond Barre bridge
 
C3 trolleybus in the third district
 
C3 trolleybus in Old Lyon
 
Velo'v, Ennemond Fousseret square (Old Lyon)

Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport, located east of Lyon, serves as a base for domestic and international flights. It is a key transport facility for the entire Rhône-Alpes region, with coach links to other cities in the area. The in-house train station Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry connects the airport to the nationwide TGV network. The Rhônexpress tram monopoly links the airport with the business quarter of La Part Dieu in less than 30 minutes, and offers connections with Underground A & B, Tramway T1, T3 & T4, and bus lines. Lyon public transport Sytral offers a bus service, Route 47, that links the airport to Meyzieu[68] where passengers can change onto Tram T3. The regular price of public transport is €1.90, as opposed to €15 one way for the Rhonexpress. In the suburb of Bron, the smaller Lyon-Bron Airport provides an alternative for domestic aviation.

Lyon has two major railway stations: Lyon-Part-Dieu, which was built to accommodate the TGV, and Lyon Perrache, an older station that now provides mostly regional service. Smaller railway stations include Gorge-de-Loup, Vaise, Saint-Paul and Jean Macé. Lyon was the first city to be connected to Paris by the TGV in 1981.[69] Since that time the TGV train network has expanded and links Lyon directly to Perpignan, Toulouse, Nice, Marseille, Strasbourg, Nantes and Lille. International trains operate directly to Madrid, Barcelona, Milan, Turin, Geneva, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Brussels and London.

The city is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of several highways: A6 to Paris, A7 Marseille, A42 to Geneva, and A43 to Grenoble. The city is now bypassed by the A46. A double motorway tunnel passes under Fourvière, connecting the A6 and the A7 autoroutes, both forming the "Autoroute du Soleil".

Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal transportation hub for tramways, local and regional trains and buses, the terminus of Metro line A, of the Tramway T2, the bicycle service Vélo'v, and taxis.[70]

The Transports en commun lyonnais (TCL), Lyon's public transit system, consisting of metro, tramways and buses, serves 62 communes of the Lyon metropolis.[71][72] The metro network has four lines (A, B, C and D), 42 stations, and runs with a frequency of up to a train every 2 minutes. There are eight Lyon tram lines since november 2020: T1 from Debourg in the south to IUT-Feyssine in the north, Tram T2 from Hôtel de région Montrochet to Saint-Priest in the south-east, Tram T3 from Part-Dieu to Meyzieu, Tram T4 from 'Hôptial Feyzin Venissieux' to La Doua Gaston Berger. Tram T5 from Grange Blanche, in the south-east to Eurexpo in the south-west. Tram T6 from Debourg, in the south to Hôpitaux Est-Pinel in the east. Tram T7 from Vaux-en-Velin la soie, in the north-east to Décines – OL Vallée in the east.[72] And Rhône Express tramline from Part-Dieu to Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport.[73][74] The Lyon bus network consists of the Lyon trolleybus system, motorbuses, and coaches for areas outside the centre. There are also two funicular lines from Vieux Lyon to Saint-Just and Fourvière. The ticketing system is relatively simple as the city has only one public transport operator, the SYTRAL.

The public transit system was complemented in 2005 by Vélo'v, a bicycle network providing a low-cost bicycle-hire service made up of 340 stations throughout the city. Borrowing a bicycle for less than 30 minutes is free. Free rental time can be extended for another 30 minutes at any station. Lyon was the first city in France to introduce this bicycle renting system. In 2011 the Auto'lib car rental service was introduced; it works much the same way as the Velo'v but for cars.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lyon on a weekday is 45 minutes. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 17% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.7 km, while 4% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[75]

Maps

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  •  
    Network of highways around Lyon
  •  
    Public transport map

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission "Intercultural cities" program.[76] Lyon is twinned with:[77]

Notable people

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Main article: List of people from Lyon

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ A war cry from 1269, spelt in modern Franco-Provençal as Avant, Avant, Liyon lo mèlyor.
  2. ^ Quote from a letter of Cicero to Lucius Munatius Plancus, founder of the city.[1]
  3. ^ Constant PPP US dollars, base year 2015.

References

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  1. ^ "Cicero". Epistulae ad familiares, X.3. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  2. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Lyon (00760)". INSEE. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Lyon (002)". INSEE. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  6. ^ INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lyon : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2021". Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lyon : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale 2021". Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b c INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lyon : Commune - Population municipale 2021" (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Statistiques locales - Métropole de Lyon : Intercommunalité 2021 - Population municipale 2021". INSEE. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  10. ^ "Lyon entrepreneurship, Lyon company, Invest Lyon – Greater Lyon". Business.greaterlyon.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  11. ^ "Classement 2019 des villes étudiantes les plus importantes en France". www.investirlmnp.fr. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  12. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018". www.lboro.ac.uk.
  13. ^ "Quality of Living City Ranking | Mercer". mobilityexchange.mercer.com.
  14. ^ Mailhes, François; Piot, Cyrille; Rapini, Jean-Louis (2021). Les Miscellanées des Lyonnais. éditions du poutan.
  15. ^ "Lyon, d'où vient ton nom ?". Le Figaro (in French). 30 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  16. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). French & European Publications, Inc.
  17. ^ Stich, Domenico (2003). Dictionnaire francoprovençal-français et français-francoprovençal (in French). Le Carré. p. 189. ISBN 978-2908150155.
  18. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 46: Lepidus and Lucius Plancus [...] founded the town called Lugudunum, now known as Lugdunum
  19. ^ Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). "Lyon". Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.159.
  20. ^ "Endlichers Glossar/Endlicher's Glossary". www.maryjones.us. n.d. Retrieved 7 November 2021. Lugduno – desiderato monte: dunum enim montem Lugduno: "mountain of yearning"; dunum of course is mountain. www.maryjones.us/ctexts/endlicher_glossary.html
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  24. ^ Braudel 1984 p. 327
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  26. ^ "CHRD Lyon". Chrd.lyon.fr. 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  27. ^ Cosgrove, Michael (4 June 2009). "Lyon: The Resistance and Deportation Museum". Digitaljournal.com.
  28. ^ (in French) Georges Duby (ed), Histoire de la France : Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852 (vol. 2), Larousse, 1999 p. 53 ISBN 2-03-505047-2
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  30. ^ a b "Historic Site of Lyon". unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  31. ^ Gregory, Stanley. “Climatic Classification and Climatic Change (Klimaklassifikation Und Klimaänderung).” Erdkunde, vol. 8, no. 4, 1954, pp. 246–252. JSTOR.
  32. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Lyon: Relevés de 2016 – Lyon" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
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  37. ^ "St-Irénée – France". sacred-destinations.com.
  38. ^ "Discover the Musée Miniature et Cinéma in Lyon &#124 Unique in Europe". Musée Miniature et Cinéma.
  39. ^ OECD. "City statistics : Economy". Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  40. ^ "Le laboratoire P4, ménagerie virale". Le Monde. France. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
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  42. ^ Jean-Baptiste Onofrio : Essai d'un glossaire des patois de Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais, Lyon 1864
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  44. ^ "Bottazzi fait le mur". Brefonline.Com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  45. ^ "The African Museum of Lyon Website". Musee-africain-lyon.org. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
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  47. ^ Perret, Aurelie. "Les traboules de Lyon". histoire-pour-tous.fr. SF Webmedia. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
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  49. ^ Buford, Bill (12 February 2011). "Why Lyon is food capital of the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  50. ^ "Priay Il y a 80 ans " La mère Bourgeois " obtenait 3 étoiles". leprogres.fr. Le Progres. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  51. ^ "Histoire de la gastronomie 2/4". franceculture.fr. Radio France. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  52. ^ Gaudry, François-Régis (26 September 2014). "Paul Bocuse: derniers secrets du "pape" de la gastronomie française". lexpress.fr. Groupe Express-Roularta. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
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