Lycaena rauparaha, Rauparaha's copper, Fereday’s copper or mokarakare[3] is a species of butterfly endemic to New Zealand. It acquired its English common name because it occurred in the same coastal areas as the rangatira (chief) and war leader of Ngāti Toa Maori, Te Rauparaha.[3]
| Lycaena rauparaha | |
|---|---|
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| Rauparaha's copper butterfly on Muehlenbeckia complexa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | Lycaena |
| Species: | L. rauparaha
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| Binomial name | |
| Lycaena rauparaha | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Distribution and habitat
editLycaena rauparaha can be found along the western and northern coasts of North Island and the northern coast of South Island,[4] where they live mainly among coastal dunes,[3] though they can be found in other coastal habitats where their food plants are present.[5]
Biology
editImmature stages
editEggs are laid singularly on the underside of a leaf of a food plant, typically Muehlenbeckia complexa[4] although the species has also been recorded on Muehlenbeckia axillaris,[5] and are greenish-blue with white ridges.[5]
The larvae are velvet green and closely resemble those of Lycaena salustius.[5] It has the typical lappets and ridges of Lycaena species.[4] It overwinters as larva, after the first moult, possibly in response to seasonal unavailability of its deciduous food plant.[5]
Pupation occurs in October. Pupae are green-yellow with red-brown wing casings, similar in appearance to those of Lycaena salustius, but without the latter's black abdominal spots.[5] Pupae are hidden on the ground under a dead leaf to which they secure themselves.[4]
Adults
editLycaena rauparaha has a wing span of 25 to 31 mm, and is less variable in appearance than other Lycaena species occurring in New Zealand.[5] According to G.W. Gibbs (1980), it resembles the other species in (what was at the time known as) the salustius-rauparaha-feredayi complex, but unlike Lycaena salustius, its wing veins are marked with single, not double, black lines; and unlike Lycaena feredayi, the underside of its hindwings is either "uniformly banana-yellow with some indistinct markings" or "spangled with pale yellow scales overlying brown ground colour"; whereas in L. feredayi, the underside of the hindwings of is either yellow at the base with a brown central patch, or fully brown-orangish.[6] Female specimens have stronger vein markings than males.[5] Lycaena rauparaha has a quick, jerky flight pattern that remains near the ground.[4] They generally do not travel far from their larval food plant.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Lycaena rauparaha (Fereday 1877)". GBIF.org. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ^ "Lycaena at funet.fi". Markku Savela. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ^ a b c "Native NZ Butterflies". Forest & Bird. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Butterflies of New Zealand Fereday's Copper Lycaena rauparaha FEREDAY, 1877 Family - LYCAENIDAE subfamily - LYCAENINAE Tribe - LYCAENINI". Adrian Hoskins. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Arter-Williamson, Robert (2 January 2009). "Rauparaha's [Coastal] Copper / Mokarakare (Lycaena rauparaha)". nzButterfly.info. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ Gibbs, G. W. (1980). "Reinstatement of a New Zealand copper butterfly, Lycaena rauparaha (Fereday, 1877)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 7 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1080/03014223.1980.10423767. ISSN 0301-4223.