Mizo is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Mizoram, where it is the official language and lingua franca.[5] It is the mother tongue of the Mizo people and some members of the Mizo diaspora. Other than Mizoram, it is also spoken in Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and Assam states of India, Sagaing Region and Chin State in Myanmar, and Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. It is mainly based on the Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo clans.[6]
| Mizo | |
|---|---|
| Mizo ṭawng or Duhlián ṭawng | |
| Region |
|
| Ethnicity | Mizo |
Native speakers | 1,000,000+[a] (2011–2022)[1][2] |
| Latin (Mizo alphabet)[3][4] Bengali-Assamese script[3] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Mizoram (India) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | lus |
| ISO 639-3 | lus |
| Glottolog | lush1249 |
 Regions where Mizo is educational, and official
Regions where Mizo is educational, but not official
Regions where Mizo is not official and not educational
Regions with significant Mizo speakers, and where Mizo is a working language | |
 Mizo is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The language is also known as Duhlian and Lushai, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizo people to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion.[7]
Classification
editMizo is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family.[8] The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho/Mizo ṭawngho) have a substantial number of words in common.[9]
Phonology
editVowels
editMonophthongs
editMizo has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels a, aw, e, i and u, four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel o has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type. The vowels can be represented as follows:[10]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i], [ɨ], [iː] | u [u], [ʊ], [ʊː] | |
| Mid | e [e], [ɛ], [ɛː] | aw [o], [ɔ], [ɔː] | |
| Open | a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä] | ||
Diphthongs
edit| Starting with a | Starting with e | Starting with i | Starting with u |
|---|---|---|---|
| ai (/aɪ̯/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) | ei (/eɪ̯/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ̯/) | ia (/ɪə̯/ /ɪa/, /ja/ or /ɪa̭/) | ua (/u̯a/ or /ua̭/) |
| au (/aʊ̯/, /ɑːʊ̯/) | eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ or /eʊ̯/) | iu (/ɪʊ̯/ or /iw/) | ui (/ɥi/ or /ʔwi/) |
Triphthongs
editMizo has the following triphthongs:
- iai, as in iai, piai
- iau as in riau ruau, tiau tuau etc.
- uai, as in uai, zuai, tuai, vuai
- uau, as in riau ruau, tiau tuau, suau suau
Consonants
editMizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:[10]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | ch [t͡s] | tl [t͡l] | k [k] | h [ʔ]1 |
| aspirated | ph [pʰ] | th [tʰ] | chh [t͡sʰ], [tʃʰ] | thl [t͡lʰ] | kh [kʰ] | ||
| voiced | b [b] | d [d] | |||||
| flap | ṭ [t͡ɾ] | ||||||
| aspirated flap | ṭh [t͡ɾʰ] | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | h [h] | |||
| voiced | v [v] | z [z] | |||||
| Sonorant | plain | m [m] | n [n] | r [r] | l [l] | ng [ŋ] | |
| aspirated | hm [ʰm] | hn [ʰn] | hr [ʰr] | hl [ʰl] | ngh [ʰŋ] | ||
| glottalised1 | rh [rʔ] | lh [lʔ] | |||||
- The glottal and glottalised consonants appear only in final position.
Tone
editAs Mizo is a tonal language, differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final h and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.
The eight tones and intonations that the vowel a (and the vowels aw, e, i, u, which constitutes all the tones in Mizo) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:[11]
- long high tone: páng as in páng là (which has the same intonation as sáng in the sentence Thingküng sáng tak kan huanah a ding).
- long low tone: pàng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as vàng in the word vànglaini).
- peaking tone: pâng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as thlûk in I hla phuah thlûk chu a va mawi ve).
- dipping tone: päng as in Tuibur a hmuam päng mai (which has the same intonation as säm in Kan huan ka säm vêl mai mai).
- short rising tone: pǎng as in naupǎng (which has the same intonation as thǎng in Kan huanah thǎng ka kam).
- short falling tone: pȧng as in I va inkhuih pȧng ve? (which has the same intonation as pȧn in I lam ka rawn pȧn )
- short mid tone: pang as in A dik lo nghâl pang (which has the same tone as man in Sazu ka man )
- short low tone: pạng as in I pạng a sá a nih kha (which has the same tone as chạl in I chạlah thosí a fù ).
| Short tones | Long tones | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mid | rising | falling | low | peaking | high | dipping | low |
| a | (ǎ / ă) / ả | (ȧ / ã) / ą | ạ | â | á | ä | à |
| o | (ǒ / ŏ) / ỏ / (ó) | ọ / (ò) | |||||
| aw | (ǎw / ăw) / ảw | (ȧw / ãw) / ąw | ạw | âw | áw | äw | àw |
| u | (ǔ / ŭ) / ủ | (ů / ũ) / ų | ụ | û | ú | ü | ù |
| e | (ě / ĕ) / ẻ | (ė / ẽ) / ę | ẹ | ê | é | ë | è |
| i | (ǐ / ĭ) / ỉ | (ĩ) / į | ị | î | í | ï | ì |
Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long tones by using the circumflex from short tones. As well, the need of at least seven diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, and so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only four (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.
Grammar
editVerbs
editConjugation
editIn Mizo[12] verb tense is indicated by the aspect and the addition of particles, such as:[13]
- ang (simple future),
- tawh (simple past and past perfect),
- mék (progressive tenses, present and past),
- dáwn (simple future),
- dáwn mék (near future),
Modification of verbs
editMizo gerunds and past participles are formed by a change in word ending called tihdanglamna.
| verb | modified form |
|---|---|
| ziak, 'to write' | ziah, 'writing, written' |
| tât, 'to whet' | tah, 'whetting, whetted' |
| mà, 'to divorce' | mâk, 'divorcing, divorced' |
Nouns
editMizo nouns undergo declension into cases.
| nominative/accusative | genitive | ergative | instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|
| nụlá, 'the girl' | nụla, 'the girl's' | nụláịn, 'by the girl' | nụláin, 'by means of the girl' |
| tǔi | tǔi | tuiịn | tuiin |
| Thangạ (a proper noun) | Thanga | Thangȧ'n | Thangạ-in/Thangạ hmangin |
Nouns are pluralised by suffixing -te, -ho, -teho or -hote.
| singular | plural |
|---|---|
| mipa, 'man' | mipate, mipaho, 'men' |
| naupang, 'child' | naupangte, naupangho, 'children' |
Pronouns
editAll Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form and are declined into cases.
| nominative | genitive | accusative | ergative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clitic forms | ka, 'I' | ka, 'my, mine' | mi, min, 'me' | keima'n, 'by me' |
| kan, 'we' | kan, 'our, ours' | min, 'us' | keimahnin, 'by us' | |
| i, 'you (singular)' | i, 'your, yours' | che, 'you' | nangma'n, 'by you' | |
| in, 'you (plural)' | in, 'your, yours' | che u, 'you' | nangmahnin, 'by you' | |
| a, 'he, she, it' | a, 'his, hers, its' | amah, 'him, her, it' | ama'n, 'by him, by her, by it' | |
| an, 'they' | an, 'their, theirs' | anmahni, 'them' | anmahni'n, 'by them' | |
| free forms | kei, 'I' | keima, 'my, mine' | keimah, 'me' | keima'n, 'by me' |
| keimah, 'we' | keima, 'our, ours' | keimah, keimah min, 'us' | keima'n, 'by us' | |
| keini, 'you (singular)' | keini, 'your, yours' | keini min, 'you' | keini'n, 'by you' | |
| keimahni, 'you (plural)' | keimahni, 'your, yours' | keimahni min, 'you' | keimahni'n, 'by you' | |
| anni, 'he, she, it' | anni, 'his, hers, its' | anni, 'him, her, it' | anni'n, 'by him, by her, by it' | |
| anmahni, 'they' | anmahni, 'their, theirs' | anmahni, 'them' | anmahni'n, 'by them' |
Negation
editFor declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle lo (not) at the end of a sentence:
| Sentence | Negation |
|---|---|
| Lala a lo kal Lala is coming/Lala came |
Lala a lo kal lo Lala did not come |
| Pathumin paruk a sem thei Three divides six |
Pathumin paruk a sem thei lo Three does not divide six |
Cardinal numbers
edit- (pa)khat, 'one'
- (pa)hnih, 'two'
- (pa)thum, 'three'
- (pa)li, 'four'
- (pa)ngá, 'five'
- (pa)ruk, 'six'
- (pa)sarih, 'seven'
- (pa)riat, 'eight'
- (pa)kua, 'nine'
- sàwm, 'ten'
- sàwmpakhat, 'eleven'
- sàwmpakua, 'nineteen'
- sawmhnih, 'twenty'
- sawmthum, 'thirty'
- sawmküa, 'ninety'
- zà, 'one hundred'
- zangá, 'five hundred'
- säng(khat), 'one thousand'
- sïng(khat), 'ten thousand'
- nûaih(khat), 'one hundred thousand'
- maktadûaih, 'one million'
- vaibelchhia, 'ten million'
- vaibelchhetak, 'one hundred million'
- tlûklehdingäwn, 'one billion'
Writing system
editThe Mizo alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet and has 25 letters.
| Letter | a | aw | b | ch | d | e | f | g | ng | h | i | j | k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ |
| Letter | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | ṭ | u | v | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ | ⓘ |
In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, J. H. Lorrain and F. W. Savidge,[16] based on the Hunterian system of transliteration.
A circumflex ^ was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently,[when?] a leading newspaper in Mizoram, Vanglaini, the magazine Kristian Ṭhalai, and other publishers began using Á, À, Ä, É, È, Ë, Í, Ì, Ï, Ó, Ò, Ö, Ú, Ù, Ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.[17][18]
Sample texts
editThe following is a sample text in Mizo of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[19]
Mizo: Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tlâng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fîm neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni.
English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Literature
editMizo has a thriving literature, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century.[20]
The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.[21]
See also
editNotelist
edit- ^ 830,846 in India, 189,000 in Myanmar, 70,000 in Bangladesh; in total, 1,089,846, not including the diaspora.
References
edit- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Roy, Esha (28 November 2022). "Why is Bangladesh driving Kuki refugees into Mizoram, a year after Myanmar militias did the same from Rakhine?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Mizo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "Kuki Mizo". Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Government of Tripura. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information". Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in (PDF)
- ^ Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, see also Matisoff, 'Language names' section
- ^ Mc Kinnon, John and Wanat Bruksasri (Editors): The Higlangders of Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 65.
- ^ "Vanglaini". www.vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ a b Weidert, Alfons, Component Analysis of Lushai Phonology, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV – Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, volume 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 1975.
- ^ Zoppen Club, Mizo ṭawng thumal thar
- ^ SCERT, Mizo Grammar, class XI & XII textbook (2002–).
- ^ SCERT, Mizo Grammar and Composition, 2002.
- ^ Chhangte, Lalnunthangi (1989). "The Grammar of Simple Clauses in Mizo" (PDF). SEALANG Projects. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ This form is also used as the accusative
- ^ Lalthangliana, B.: 2001, History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, Aizawl. "Baptist Missionary Conference, 1892", p. 745
- ^ The Mizo Wiktionary uses the additional symbols ạ, ǎ, ȧ, and likewise for the other vowels aw, e, i and u, to differentiate these
- ^ "Wt/lus/Thlûkna chungchanga kaihhruaina - Wikimedia Incubator". incubator.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "UDHR in Sino-Tibetan languages". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha
- ^ "See the website". Retrieved 14 January 2020.
Sources
edit- K. S. Singh: 1995, People of India-Mizoram, Volume XXXIII, Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Grierson, G. A. (Ed.) (1904b). Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups, Volume III Part III of Linguistic Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
- Grierson, G. A: 1995, Languages of North-Eastern India, Gian Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Lunghnema, V., Mizo chanchin (B.C. 300 aṭanga 1929 A.D.), 1993.
- Zoramdinthara, Dr., Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development. Ruby Press & Co.(New Delhi). 2013. ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4
External links
edit
- Lorrain, J. Herbert (James Herbert) Dictionary of the Lushai language. Calcutta : Asiatic Society, 1940 (Bibliotheca Indica, 261).
- Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus database
- Mizoram.nic.in – official website of Mizoram.
- Mizo Language Resource collection of Mizo language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive