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List of poisonous fungus species

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For the article on fungi that have caused deaths, see List of deadly fungi.

This is a compendium of poisonous fungi. See also mushroom poisoning.

List of toxic mushroom species

edit

There are 119 poisonous fungus species listed below.

Scientific name Common name Active agent Distribution Similar edible species Picture
Agaricus californicus California Agaricus phenol and xanthodermin North America Edible Agaricus species  
Agaricus hondensis[1] Felt-ringed Agaricus phenol and xanthodermin North America Edible Agaricus species  
Agaricus menieri phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus moelleri[2] Inky Mushroom phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species  
Agaricus phaeolepidotus phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus placomyces phenol and xanthodermin North America and Europe Edible Agaricus species  
Agaricus xanthodermus[1][3] Yellow-staining mushroom phenol and xanthodermin[4][5] worldwide Edible Agaricus species  
Amanita abrupta American abrupt-bulbed Lepidella L-2-amino-4-pentynoic acid and 2-Amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] North America Edible Agaricus species  
Amanita aprica Sunshine amanita muscarine and ibotenic acid[7] (maybe not muscarine but muscimol) North America  
Amanita bisporigera [8] Eastern Destroying Angel Amatoxins Eastern United States  
Amanita boudieri Boudier's lepidella A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe Edible Agaricus species

Amanita vittadinii

 
Amanita chlorinosma [8] Chlorine Lepidella Eastern United States
 
Amanita chlorinosma 21519
Amanita citrina False Death Cap bufotenin[9] Europe and North America  
Amanita cokeri Coker's amanita 2-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanoic acid and 2-amino-5-chloro-4-pentenoic acid[10] North America Amanita vittadinii

Amanita strobiliformis

Edible Agaricus species

 
Amanita cothurnata Booted amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] North America  
Amanita echinocephala European solitary amanita A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe, Western Asia and North Africa Amanita vittadinii

Amanita strobiliformis

Edible Agaricus species

 
Amanita farinosa Powdery Amanita unknown North America  
Amanita flavorubescens unknown North America Amanita rubescens

Amanita novinupta

Amanita jacksonii

Amanita hemibapha

Amanita gemmata Gemmed Amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[12] Europe, North Africa, Asia and North America  
Amanita gioiosa Pebbly Soil Amanita unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe and North Africa  
Amanita gracilior European Slender Lepidella A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe
Amanita heterochroma Eucalyptus fly agaric unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe and North Africa Amanita caesarea
Amanita hongoi Hongo's Amanita unknown Japan
Amanita ibotengutake Japanese ringed-bulbed Amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[13] Japan
Amanita muscaria Fly agaric muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] Worldwide Amanita caesarea

Amanita jacksonii

Amanita hemibapha

 
Amanita neoovoidea East Asian egg amidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] East Asia Amanita ovoidea  
Amanita pantherina Panther cap muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] Europe, North Africa, Eastern Asia

(a similar American species exist but is not published yet)[7]

Amanita rubescens  
Amanita porphyria Grey veiled Amanita unknown (probably bufotenin) North America and Europe  
Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo's false death cap 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] Asia  
Amanita pseudoregalis False royal fly agaric unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe Amanita rubescens
Amanita pseudorubescens False blusher unknown Europe Amanita rubescens
Amanita regalis Royal fly agaric muscimol and ibotenic acid[14] Europe and Alaska Amanita rubescens  
Amanita smithiana Smith's Amanita A. smithiana toxin and 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] North America  
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes Club-footed clitocybe unknown North America and Europe Infundibulicybe geotropa

Infundibulicybe gibba

 
Clathrus ruber [15]
Chlorophyllum molybdites Green-spored parasol unknown worldwide (very rare in Europe) Chlorophyllum rhacodes

Chlorophyllum olivieri

Coprinus comatus

 
Clitocybe cerussata muscarine[16] Europe Clitopilus prunulus
Clitocybe dealbata Ivory Funnel muscarine[16][17][better source needed] Europe Clitopilus prunulus

Marasmius oreades

 
Coprinopsis alopecia coprine Europe
Coprinopsis atramentaria Common ink cap coprine[18] North America, Europe, Asia and Australia  
Coprinopsis romagnesiana Scaly ink cap coprine Europe  
Cortinarius bolaris unknown Europe  
Cortinarius callisteus Tawny Webcap unknown Europe Cantharellus spp.
 
Cortinarius cinnabarinus unknown Europe Laccaria laccata  
Cortinarius cinnamomeofulvus unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 
Cortinarius cinnamomeus Cinnamon webcap unknown North America and Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 
Cortinarius cruentus unknown Europe
Cortinarius gentilis unknown Europe Cantharellus spp.  
Cortinarius limonius unknown North America and Europe Cantharellus spp.  
Cortinarius malicorius unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 
Cortinarius mirandus unknown Europe  
Cortinarius palustris unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

Cortinarius phoeniceus unknown Europe  
Cortinarius rubicundulus unknown North America and Europe Cantharellus spp.  
Cortinarius smithii Smith's Cortinarius unknown North America  
Cudonia circinans gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine[19] North America, Europe and Asia Morchella spp.

Cantharellus spp.

 
Gyromitra perlata Pig's ears gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine[19] North America and Europe Disciotis venosa  
Echinoderma asperum Freckled dapperling unknown North America Europe, Asia and Oceania Macrolepiota procera

Chlorophyllum rhacodes

 
Echinoderma calcicola unknown Europe Macrolepiota procera

Chlorophyllum rhacodes

Entoloma albidum unknown North America Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe multiceps

Entoloma rhodopolium Wood pinkgill unknown Europe and Asia Entoloma sarcopum  
Entoloma sinuatum Livid Entoloma unknown North America, Europe and Asia Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe multiceps

 
Hebeloma crustuliniforme Poison pie unknown North America, Europe and Australia Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus geminus

Lepista irina

 
Hebeloma sinapizans Rough-stalked hebeloma unknown North America and Europe Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus geminus

Lepista irina

 
Helvella crispa Elfin saddle unknown Europe  
Helvella dryophila Oak-loving elfin saddle unknown North America Morchella spp.  
Helvella lactea unknown North America and Europe  
Helvella lacunosa Slate grey saddle unknown worldwide Morchella spp.  
Helvella vespertina Western black elfin saddle unknown North America Morchella spp.  
Hapalopilus nidulans Tender nesting polypore polyporic acid[20] worldwide (except South America) Fistulina hepatica

Laetiporus sulphureus

 
Hypholoma fasciculare Sulphur tuft fasciculol E and fasciculol F[21] worldwide Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 
Hypholoma lateritium Brick cap fasciculol B & fasciculol C[22] North America, Europe and Asia Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 
Hypholoma marginatum unknown Europe Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 
Hypholoma radicosum unknown Europe Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 
Imperator rhodopurpureus unknown Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Imperator torosus Brawny Bolete unknown Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Inocybe fibrosa muscarine Europe Tricholoma columbetta

Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

 
Inocybe geophylla Earthy inocybe muscarine[23] North America and Europe Clitopilus prunulus

Laccaria amethystina

 
Inocybe hystrix muscarine North, Central America and Europe  
Inocybe lacera Torn fibercap muscarine North America and Europe  
Inocybe lilacina muscarine North America Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis  
Inocybe sublilacina muscarine North America, Europe Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis

Laccaria amethystina

 
Inocybe rimosa Straw-Colored Fiber Head muscarine[23] Europe and Asia Marasmius oreades  
Inocybe sambucina muscarine Europe Tricholoma columbetta

Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

Lactarius torminosus Woolly milkcap velleral North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa Lactarius deliciosus  
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii [8] Flowerpot Parasol Eastern United States
Mycena diosma unknown (probably puraquinonic acid) Europe Laccaria amethystina  
Mycena pelianthina[24] Blackedge Bonnet Norway
Mycena pura Lilac bonnet puraquinonic acid and psilocybin[25][26] Europe Laccaria amethystina

Laccaria laccata

 
Mycena rosea Rosy bonnet unknown (probably puraquinonic acid) Europe Laccaria amethystina  
Neonothopanus nambi unknown South America
Panaeolus cinctulus banded mottlegill psilocybin and psilocin North America, Europe, Africa and Australia Marasmius oreades  
Psilocybe semilanceata Liberty cap psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin[27] America, Europe, Asia and Oceania  
Omphalotus illudens Jack-O'lantern mushroom illudin S, illudin M, and muscarine[28] North America and Europe Cantharellus spp.  
Omphalotus japonicus Tsukiyotake illudin S and illudin M[29][30][31] Asia Pleurotus ostreatus

Lentinula edodes

Sarcomyxa serotina

 
Omphalotus nidiformis Ghost fungus illudin S, illudin M, and illudosin[32] Oceania and India Pleurotus ostreatus

Lentinula edodes

Sarcomyxa serotina

 
Omphalotus olearius [8] Jack-O'lantern mushroom illudin S[33][34] Europe Cantharellus spp.  
Omphalotus olivascens Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom illudin S[35] America Cantharellus spp.  
Paralepistopsis acromelalga acromelic acid Japan Paralepista flaccida

Paralepista gilva

Paralepistopsis amoenolens Paralysis funnel acromelic acid North Africa and Europe Paralepista flaccida

Paralepista inversa

Infundibulicybe gibba

 
Pholiotina rugosa amatoxins[36] North America, Europe and Asia  
Ramaria formosa Beautiful clavaria unknown North America, Europe and Asia Ramaria botrytis  
Ramaria neoformosa unknown Europe Ramaria botrytis  
Ramaria pallida unknown North America and Europe Ramaria botrytis  
Rubroboletus legaliae Le Gal's bolete unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine) Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Rubroboletus lupinus Wolves bolete unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine) Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus unknown North America Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Rubroboletus satanas Satan's bolete boletasine and muscarine[37][38] Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 
Russula emetica The sickener lactarorufin A, methoxyfuranalcohol, and R. emetica unnamed compound[39] North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia Russula aurea

Russula cyanoxantha

 
Russula subnigricans unknown
Sarcosphaera coronaria Pink crown North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia  
Scleroderma citrinum Common earthball unknown North America, Europe and Asia Apioperdon pyriforme  
Tricholoma equestre Yellow knight unknown Europe  
Tricholoma pardinum Tiger tricholoma unknown North America, Europe and Asia Tricholoma terreum

Tricholoma myomyces

 
Tricholoma muscarium tricholomic acid and ibotenic acid[40][41] Japan
Trogia venenata Little white mushroom unknown China
Turbinellus floccosus Woolly false chanterelle norcaperatic acid[42] North America and Eastern Asia Gomphus clavatus

Polyozellus multiplex

Cantharellus spp.

 
Turbinellus kauffmanii norcaperatic acid[42] North America Gomphus clavatus

Polyozellus multiplex

Cantharellus spp.

 

List of suspicious mushroom species

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Scientific name Common name Distribution Picture
Agrocybe arenicola Europe
Amanita albocreata Ringless panther North America  
Amanita altipes Yellow long-stem Amanita China
Amanita breckonii North America  
Amanita ceciliae Snakeskin grisette North America and Europe  
Amanita eliae Fries's Amanita Europe and North Africa  
Amanita flavoconia Yellow-dust Amanita North America  
Amanita frostiana Frost's Amanita North America
 
Amanita nehuta Mahori dust Amanita New Zealand  
Amanita parcivolvata Ringless False Fly Amanita America  
Amanita parvipantherina Asian Small Panther Amanita China
Amanita petalinivolva South America
Amanita roseotincta North America  
Amanita rubrovolvata Red volva Amanita Asia  
Amanita subfrostiana False Frost's Amanita China
Amanita velatipes Veiled-Bulb Amanita North America  
Amanita viscidolutea South America
Amanita wellsii Wells's Amanita North America  
Amanita xanthocephala Vermilion grisette Australia  
Armillaria mellea[43] Honey fungus North America, Europe, Northern Asia and Australia  
Calocera viscosa Yellow stagshorn North America, Europe and Asia  
Chlorophyllum brunneum Shaggy parasol North America, Europe, Australia and Southern Africa  
Choiromyces venosus Europe
Clitocybe fragrans Europe  
Clitocybe nebularis Clouded agaric North America and Europe  
Conocybe subovalis Europe  
Coprinellus micaceus Mica cap worldwide  
Lactarius chrysorrheus Yellowdrop milkcap North America, Europe and North Africa  
Lactarius helvus Fenugreek milkcap Europe and Asia  
Lepiota cristata Stinking dapperling North America, Europe, Northern Africa, Northern Asia and New Zealand  
Marasmius collinus Europe
Russula olivacea[43] North America, Europe and Asia  
Russula viscida Europe  
Schizophyllum commune worldwide  
Stropharia aeruginosa[citation needed] Verdigris agaric North America and Europe  
Suillus granulatus[43] Weeping bolete worldwide  
Tricholoma sulphureum Gas agaric Europe and North America  

See also

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References

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  32. ^ Burgess, Maree L.; Barrow, Kevin D. (1999-01-01). "Biosynthesis of illudosin, a fomannosane-type sesquiterpene, by the Basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (17): 2461–2466. doi:10.1039/A904097H. ISSN 1364-5463.
  33. ^ Mycologia. 109 (3). {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ^ "Omphalotus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
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  37. ^ Licastro, F; Morini, MC; Kretz, O; Dirheimer, G; Creppy, EE; Stirpe, F (1 May 1993). "Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz". The International Journal of Biochemistry. 25 (5): 789–92. doi:10.1016/0020-711X(93)90366-M. ISSN 0020-711X. PMID 8349019.
  38. ^ Handbook of mushroom poisoning : diagnosis and treatment. Spoerke, David G., Rumack, Barry H., 1942-. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1994. ISBN 9780849301940. OCLC 29913834.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ^ Kobata, Kenji; Kano, Satoshi; Shibata, Hisao (1995-01-01). "New Lactarane Sesquiterpenoid from the Fungus Russula emetica". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1271/bbb.59.316. ISSN 0916-8451.
  40. ^ Guillaume, Péan. "MycoDB : Fiche de Tricholoma muscarium". mycodb.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  41. ^ Pinto, Andrea; Conti, Paola; Amici, Marco De; Tamborini, Lucia; Madsen, Ulf; Nielsen, Birgitte; Christesen, Thomas; Bräuner-Osborne, Hans; Micheli, Carlo De (2008-04-01). "Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization at Glutamate Receptors of the Four Enantiopure Isomers of Tricholomic Acid". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (7): 2311–2315. doi:10.1021/jm701394a. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 18338843.
  42. ^ a b Henry, E.D.; Sullivan, G. (1969-12-01). "Phytochemical Evaluation of Some Cantharelloid Fungi". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (12): 1497–1500. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581216. ISSN 0022-3549. PMID 5353267.
  43. ^ a b c Avis de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail relatif à l'évaluation des risques liés à la consommation des champignons dénommés Suillus granulatus, Russula olivacea et Armillaria mellea (in French). Maisons-Alfort. 29 July 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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