Wikipedia

List of the oldest mosques

(Redirected from List of mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran)

The oldest mosques in the world can refer to the oldest, surviving building or to the oldest mosque congregation. There is also a distinction between old mosque buildings in continuous use as mosques and others no longer used as mosques. In terms of congregations, there are early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist.

The major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, and the minor regions, such as Arabia and South Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.

To be listed here a site must:

  • be the oldest mosque in a country, large city (top 50), or oldest of its type (denomination, architectural, etc.);
  • be the oldest congregation of its type (denomination).

Mentioned in the Quran

The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries[1] mentioned in the Quran:[2]

Building Image Location Country First built Notes
Al-Haram Mosque
 
 Mecca   Saudi Arabia Unknown, considered the oldest mosque, associated with Abraham[1] Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, Quran 2:144–217;[3] Quran 5:2;[4] Quran 8:34;[5] Quran 9:7–28;[6] Quran 17:1;[2] Quran 22:25;[7] Quran 48:25–27.[8] the holiest sanctuary, containing the Ka'bah, a site of the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), the Qiblah[9] (Direction of formal prayers of Muslims), and the first mosque[10][11] in Islamic thought.[12][13] Rebuilt many times, notably 1571 by the Ottomans, and the late 20th century by the Saudis, further enlargement under way since 2010.
Haram al-Sharif, also known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound
 
 Jerusalem (old city)   Israel Considered the second oldest mosque in Islamic tradition,[14] associated with Abraham.[1]

The Dome of the Rock was constructed in 692, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705.

Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá,[2] the former Qiblah,[15] site of the significant event of Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj)[16], considered the third holiest site in Islam. The Qur'an does not specify the precise location of "the furthest place of prayer", and its meaning was debated by early Islamic scholars.[17][18][19][20] Eventually, a consensus emerged its identification with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[19][21]

The term Al-Aqsa properly refers to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque).[note 1] The mosque compound should not be confused with the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca, commonly referred to in English as Al-Aqsa Mosque, and also known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below).

The Sacred Monument
 
 Muzdalifah   Saudi Arabia Unknown Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām[23] a site of the Hajj.[24][25][26][27]
Quba Mosque   Medina   Saudi Arabia 622 The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day"[28] in the Quran.[citation needed] Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.

Africa

See also: List of mosques in Africa
Northeast Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Mosque of the Companions
 
 Massawa   Eritrea 620s–630s (unconfirmed)[29] Believed by some to be the first mosque in Africa and built by the companions of Muhammad in the 7th century.[29]
Al Nejashi Mosque
 
 Negash   Ethiopia Built in the 7th century in Negash, the mosque in Negash, by tradition burial site of several followers of Muhammad who, during his lifetime, fled to the Aksumite Kingdom to escape persecution in Mecca.[30] It was recently renovated by TIKA, a Turkish cooperation organization.[31]
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
 
 Cairo   Egypt 641 Named after 'Amr ibn al-'As, commander of the Muslim conquest of Egypt. First mosque in Egypt and claimed by some to be the first mosque in Africa.[32][33][34][35]
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
 
 Cairo   Egypt 879
Al-Azhar Mosque
 
 Cairo   Egypt 972 Sunni
Arba'a Rukun Mosque
 
 Mogadishu   Somalia 1268/9 Sunni
See also: Islam in Rwanda
Northwest Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Great Mosque of Kairouan
 
 Kairouan   Tunisia 670 Sunni Believed to be the first mosque in the Maghreb. The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction starting in 836 under the Aghlabids, with further restorations and additions in later periods.[36]
Sidi Okba Mosque
 
 Sidi Okba   Algeria 686–1025 Mosque and tomb dated between 686 and 1025, starting with the tomb in 686. The mosque was subsequently built around it.[37]
Al-Zaytuna Mosque
 
 Tunis   Tunisia 698 Sunni There are some doubts about the exact foundation date: usually attributed to 698 but it could have been a bit later in 734.[38][39] The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction in 864 under the Aghlabids,[40] with further modifications and renovations in later eras.[38]
Bu Ftata Mosque
 
 Sousse   Tunisia 838–841 Dated by an inscription to the reign of Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim (838–841). Minaret added later under the Hafsids.[41]
Great Mosque of Sfax
 
 Sfax   Tunisia 849 Exact construction date uncertain, but probably around 849.[42]
Great Mosque of Sousse
 
 Sousse   Tunisia 851[43]
Al-Qarawiyyin mosque
 
 Fez   Morocco 859 Some doubts exist about the story of its foundation in 859.[44] A possible alternative date is 877, based on an inscription discovered in the 20th century.[45][46] The present building dates from multiple later expansions and reconstructions, with the oldest elements dating to the 10th century.[44] It underwent its most important expansion under the Almoravids between 1135 and 1143.[47]
Mosque of the Andalusians
 
 Fez   Morocco 859 Like the Qarawiyyin Mosque, there are doubts about the story of its foundation. The oldest parts of the present building date from the 10th century.[44] It was mostly reconstructed by the Almohads between 1203 and 1207.[48]
Al-Naqah Mosque
 
 Tripoli   Libya 973 Oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli,[49] though its history is not well-known.[50] Likely built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz in 973, though it may be older.[49] An inscription records that it was reconstructed in 1610–1611 (1019 AH).[50]
Great Mosque of Tlemcen
 
 Tlemcen   Algeria 1082 Founded in 1082 under the Almoravids, decoration completed or redone in 1136 by another Almoravid ruler. Important renovation and additions took place in 1236 under the first Zayyanid ruler.[51]
Ksar Mosque
 
 Tunis   Tunisia 1106
Kutubiyya Mosque
 
 Marrakesh   Morocco 1147
Southeast Africa (including nearby islands of the Indian Ocean, but barring countries that are also in Southern Africa)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Shanga Mosque Shanga, Pate Island   Kenya Foundation discovered, with coins attesting dates, during the 1980s excavations. The earliest concrete evidence of Muslims in East Africa.[52]: 97 
Great Mosque of Kilwa
 
 Kilwa Kisiwani   Tanzania 1000–1100
Kizimkazi Mosque
 
 Dimbani   Tanzania 1107 (according to an inscription)[53]
Tsingoni Mosque
 
 Tsingoni, Mayotte   France 1538[54]
Al-Fatah Mosque (Green Mosque) Kigali   Rwanda (then German East Africa) 1913[55] Founded by coastal Swahili-speaking Tanzanian Muslims who came to Rwanda to work in the German administration.[55]
West Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Larabanga Mosque
 
 Larabanga   Ghana 1421 The oldest existing mud-brick mosque in Ghana.
Great Mosque of Kano Kano   Nigeria 15th century Built in for Emir Muhammad Rumfa
Agadez Mosque
 
 Agadez   Niger 1515 Niger's oldest mosque.
Grand Mosque, Sokodé
 
 Sokodé   Togo 1820[56]
Southern Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Auwal Mosque
 
 Cape Colony   South Africa (then Cape Colony) 1798[57] Recognised as the first mosque established in the country.
Palm Tree Mosque
 
 Cape Colony   South Africa (then Cape Colony) 1807 Building constructed in 1788 (236 years ago) (1788), and established as a mosque in 1807 (217 years ago) (1807).
Masjid al-Qudama Uitenhage, Eastern Cape   South Africa 1849[58] It has been deduced that the mosque was a completed building by March 1849
Grey Street Mosque (Juma Mosque)
 
 Durban[59]   South Africa 1881
Soofie Masjid Butha Buthe   Lesotho 1900 (approximate)[52]: 115  Founded by Soofie Saheb at the turn of the century; the community is described as African Muslim yet speaking an Indian language.[52]: 115 
Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid
 
 Rylands, Cape Town   South Africa 1905
Lobatse Masjid Lobatse   Botswana 1960s[60] Founded by Indian Muslims who were brought over during the British colonial period.
Ezulwini Mosque Ezulwini, near Mbabane   Eswatini 1982[61]

Americas

See also: List of mosques in the Americas, List of mosques in Mexico, and List of mosques in Brazil
South America
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
  Suriname (then a colony of the Netherlands) 1906[62] Built by immigrant Javanese rice farmers.[62]
Mesquita Brasil (São Paulo),   São Paulo   Brazil 1929[63] Previous site built in 1929;[63] current building inaugurated in 1952. First known mosque in Brazil.[64]
  Panama 1930[65] Ahmadiyya[65]
El Paraíso, Caracas   Venezuela 1968[66]
At-Tauhid Mosque Buenos Aires   Argentina 1983[67] Shi'ite Opened in October 1983 by the Shi'ite community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina. It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade.[68]
Mezquita as-Salam   Santiago   Chile 1995[69] Commissioned 1989, inaugurated in 1995.
Mohammed VI Mosque Coquimbo   Chile 2007
See also: List of mosques in Canada and List of mosques in the United States
North America (including Central America and island-states of the Caribbean Sea)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Sadiq Mosque   Chicago, Illinois   United States 1922 Ahmadiyya Oldest extant mosque in the Americas.
Mother Mosque of America
(Moslem Temple)
 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa   United States 1934 Oldest extant purpose-built mosque in the United States
Al-Rashid Mosque
 
 Edmonton, Alberta   Canada 1938 First purpose-built mosque in Canada.
Westmoreland and Spanish Town   Jamaica 1950s[70] Constructed by the Islamic Society of Jamaica, which was founded in 1950.
Bridgetown Mosque Bridgetown   Barbados 1957[71] First purpose-built mosque in Barbados.
Omar bin Al-Khattab Mosque   Willemstad, Curaçao   Netherlands 1965[72]
  Haiti 1985[73] Converted private residence.
Suraya Mosque
 
 Torreón   Mexico 1989 Shi'ite Built by the immigrants from the Middle East living in Torreón.
Omar Mosque   San José   Costa Rica 1995[74] Sunni Founded by the Islamic Cultural Association of Costa Rica.
Belize City[75]   Belize 2008 (approximate)[76] Founded by Belizeans who converted to Islam while in the United States.[76]
Boukman Buhara Mosque Cap-Haïtien   Haiti 2016[77] First purpose-built mosque in Haiti. Includes a minaret. Constructed by the Diyanet Foundation of Turkey following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[77]

Asia

See also: List of mosques in Asia
Arabian Peninsula (including the island-state of Bahrain)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
 
 Medina   Saudi Arabia 622 Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Masjid al-Qiblatain
 
 Medina   Saudi Arabia 623 Mosque originally with two Qiblah walls: One facing Jerusalem, the first Qiblah and another facing Mecca
Jawatha Mosque
 
 Al-Kilabiyah   Saudi Arabia 629/639[78][79] Has recently been renovated[citation needed] and prayers are still held in this mosque.[80]
Great Mosque of Sana'a
 
 Sana'a   Yemen 7th century Possibly the oldest mosque in the country.
Mazin Mosque
 
 Samail   Oman 7th century[81][better source needed] Founded by Mazin Ben Ghadooba, who is considered to be the first Omani to adopt Islam during Muhammad's lifetime.[81][better source needed]
Al-Shawadhna Mosque Nizwa   Oman 628–629 (possibly)[82] Original foundation attributed by some to 7 AH (628–629 CE).[82] A construction or renovation dated to 1529 CE is recorded by an inscription above the mihrab.[82][83]
Al-Hadi Mosque
 
 Sa'dah   Yemen 897
Khamis Mosque
 
 Khamis, Manama   Bahrain 1000–1200 (approximate)[84] Though most of the structure is dated to the 11th or 12th century, it is popularly believed to have been founded by the Caliph Omar in the 600s.[85]
Mosque in Al-Ain Al Ain   United Arab Emirates 1000s (Islamic Golden Age) Possible the oldest mosque in the country.[86][87]
Al Badiyah Mosque
 
 Fujairah   United Arab Emirates 1400s[88] Some much earlier estimates have been proposed.
See also: List of mosques in China and List of mosques in Taiwan
Greater China
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Huaisheng Mosque
 
 Guangzhou   China 627 The Huaisheng Mosque is the main mosque of Guangzhou. It has been rebuilt many times over its history. According to tradition it was originally built over 1,300 years ago in 627 CE by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad.
Xianxian Mosque
 
 Guangzhou City   China 629 The mosque was originally built in 629 during the Tang dynasty.
Great Mosque of Xi'an
 
 Xi'an, Shaanxi   China 742[89] Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century,[90] the mosque was founded in 742[91] Built in 742, but oldest mosque in China is the Beacon Tower mosque of Guangzhou being built in 627.[92]
Jamia Mosque     Hong Kong (then British Hong Kong)   China 1890
Taipei Grand Mosque   Taipei   Taiwan 1947 Oldest and most famous mosque in Taiwan. Original building was firstly used in 1947, then relocated to a new site where it was reconstructed in 1960.
Kaohsiung Mosque   Taipei   Taiwan 1949 The second oldest mosque in Taiwan. The original building was built in 1949, then moved to a new location where the second building was built in 1951, and the third and final building built in 1992.
Macau Mosque     Macau (then Portuguese Macau)   China 1980 The first and only mosque in Macau.
East Asia (excluding Greater China)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Kobe Mosque
 
 Kobe   Japan 1935[93] Designed in the Turkish style by a Czech architect, confiscated by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1943, and later returned.
Seoul Central Mosque
 
 Seoul   South Korea 1976[94]
See also: List of mosques in India, List of mosques in Bangladesh, and List of mosques in Pakistan
South Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Barwada mosque
Ghogha, Gujarat India Before 623 Built by Arab traders at ancient port of Ghogha, Bhavnagar district in the state of Gujarat. The qibla (direction to be faced while offering namaaz) of the mosque is faced to Bait al Mukaddas (Jerusalem). The mosque is abandoned by devotees after the qibla was changed to Makkah in AD 623 and another mosque constructed at the same time.[95][96][97][98][99]
Cheraman Juma Masjid
 
 Kodungallur   India 629 Built by Malik bin Dinar, companion of Muhammad, on orders of Cheraman Perumal,[100] then King of modern-day Kerala, it is the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent.[101]
Palaiya Jumma Palli
 
 Kilakarai   India 630 Sunni Considered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad.[102]
Masjid Al-Abrar Beruwala, Kalutara District, Western Province   Sri Lanka First century in the Hijri calendar The date has been carved in its stone pillars. It is situated in western province of Sri Lanka.
Haji Piyada
 
 Balkh   Afghanistan 794 or 9th century The oldest identifiable Islamic building in Afghanistan.[103] Construction dated to either the 9th century[104] or to 794.[105]
Jamia Masjid, Banbhore
 
 Banbhore, Sindh   Pakistan 727 This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan which is located in Bhambore.[106] Also believed to be the first mosque in South Asia.[107] Built after the conquest of Sindh.
Great Mosque  Budaun Uttar Pradesh   India 1223
Kazimar Big Mosque
 
 Madurai   India 1284 Sunni, Hanafi, Shadhili First mosque in Madurai.
Chaqchan Mosque
 
 Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan   Pakistan 1370 This is the oldest mosque of Gilgit Baltistan located in Khaplu.[108][109]
Sixty Dome Mosque
 
 Bagerhat   Bangladesh 1450 Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Neevin Mosque
 
 Lahore   Pakistan 1460
See also: List of mosques in Indonesia, List of mosques in Malaysia, List of mosques in the Philippines, List of mosques in Singapore, and List of mosques in Thailand
Southeast Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque Tubig Indangan, Simunul island, Bangsamoro   Philippines 1380[110] Founded by Makhdum Karim, who introduced Islam to the Philippines. This is the oldest mosque in Southesast Asia.
Wapauwe Old Mosque
 
 Kaitetu, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku   Indonesia 1414 The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia.
Ampel Mosque
 
 Ampel, Surabaya, East Java   Indonesia 1421[111] The oldest surviving mosque in Java, and second oldest in Indonesia.
Masjid Sultan Sharif Ali Brunei   Brunei 1430 (approximate)[112] Built under the direction of Sharif Ali ("Sultan Berkat"), who reigned 1425–1432.
Great Mosque of Demak
 
 Demak, Central Java   Indonesia 15th century[113] Oldest mosque in Central Java and second oldest in Java.[113]
300 Years Mosque Narathiwat   Thailand 17th century It is at least one of the oldest known mosques in Thailand.[114]
Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka
 
 Central Area   Singapore 1820[115] Originally a wooden structure built by Arab merchant Syed Omar Ali Aljunied.
See also: List of mosques in Cyprus
Levant (for Cyprus and the region of Syria)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Omari Grand Mosque Beirut Lebanon 635 Sunni The mihrab is the oldest part of the mosque, dating back to the Caliphate of Umar.
Al-Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa)
 
 Jerusalem (old city)   Palestine 637 A Muslim prayer hall with a silver-colored lead dome located in the southern part of Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount), built by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab.
Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Aleppo   Syria 637
Ibrahimi Mosque
 
 Hebron   Palestine 637[116]
Great Mosque of Aleppo
 
 Aleppo   Syria 715
Umayyad Mosque
 
 Damascus   Syria 715 Sunni Fourth holiest site and the national mosque of Syria. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
White Mosque
 
 Ramla   Israel 720
Al-Omari Mosque
 
 Bosra   Syria 721
Great Mosque of Raqqa Raqqa   Syria 772
Arab Ahmet Mosque
 
 Arab Ahmet quarter of Nicosia   Cyprus Late 16th century[117] The mosque is named after a commander of the 1571 Ottoman army who made an expedition in 1571.[117][118]
See also: List of mosques in Iran and List of mosques in Turkey
Southwest Asia (excluding the Arabian peninsula, Caucasus, and Levant)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Ayasofya Mosque (Hagia Sophia)
 
 Istanbul   Turkey 1453 (537) Built in 537 as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931.[119] In 2020, it was again converted into a mosque by order of a Turkish court.
Great Mosque of Kufa
 
 Kufa   Iraq 639 Shia The mosque, built in the 7th century, contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel – first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.
Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn Mosque
 
 Karbala   Iraq 680 Shia Reconstructed several times, including in 1016.
Jameh Mosque of Ferdows Ferdows   Iran 7th century (possibly)
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
 
 Isfahan   Iran 771
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj
 
 Fahraj   Iran 700s[120]
Tarikhaneh Mosque
 
 Damghan   Iran 8th century
Great Mosque of Samarra
 
 Samarra   Iraq 848
Al-Askari Mosque
 
 Samarra   Iraq 944 Shia (Twelver) Shrine of the 10th and 11th Twelver Shi'ite Imams: Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari.
Imam Ali Mosque
 
 Najaf   Iraq 977 Shia, Sunni Houses the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and fourth Caliph, and the first person of the Shia Imamate.
Great Mosque of Diyarbakır
 
 Diyarbakır   Turkey 1092 Sunni One of the oldest known mosques in modern Turkey.
Yivliminare Mosque (Alaeddin Mosque)
 
 Antalya   Turkey 1230
Aslanhane Mosque
 
 Ankara   Turkey 1290
Central Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Po-i-Kalyan
 
 Bukhara   Uzbekistan 713 Since 713 here, several edifices of main cathedral mosque were built then razed, restored after fires and wars, and moved from place to place.
Transcaucasia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Juma Mosque
 
 Shamakhi   Azerbaijan 743-744 Built in 743–744, set on fire by Armenian units of "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1918, reconstructed in 2009.
Blue Mosque
 
 Yerevan   Armenia Mid-18th century

Europe

See also: List of mosques in Europe
Iberian Peninsula
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita)
 
 Córdoba, Andalusia   Spain (then the Emirate of Córdoba) 785[121] Originally built by Abd al-Rahman I in 785, it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Castilian conquest of Cordoba in 1236, it was converted into the city's cathedral, which it remains to this day.[122]
Mosque inside Aljafería Palace
 
 Zaragoza, Aragon   Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba) 1046[123] A small prayer room inside the Aljafería Palace, dating from the Taifa period under the Hudid dynasty. It is accessed through a portal inside palace.[124] In 2001, the original restored structures of the Aljafería were included in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, a World Heritage Site.[125]
Mosque of Madinat al-Zahra
 
 Córdoba, Andalusia   Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba) 941–942[126] Friday mosque of Madinat al-Zahra, a vast, fortified palace-city begun in 936 by Abd al-Rahman III.[127] The city's mosque was inaugurated in 941–942.[126][128] The complex was plundered & destroyed during the civil war that ended the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century.[127] A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018.[129]
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
 
 Toledo, Castile-La Mancha   Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba) 999[130] Built in 999 in Toledo, this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it was originally built.[131] Originally a square structure with nine domed bays, a semi-circular apse was added in 1187, after it had been converted into a church.[132]
Mosque of las Tornerías
 
 Toledo, Castile-La Mancha   Spain (then the Taifa of Toledo) mid-11th-century (completed)[133] Arabic: الـمـسـتـمـيـم, romanized: al-Mustimim was built in the middle of the 11th century[134] on the foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos. The building continued maintaining the Islamic faith in Spain well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498–1505, when it was desacralizated by the Catholic Monarchs.
Ribat of Arrifana Archaeological site
 
 Aljezur, Algarve   Portugal (then the Almoravid dynasty) 1130[135] Probably constructed by Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi, governor of Silves and a rebel leader against the Almoravid dynasty. These are the only ruins of such Muslim fortress to have been identified in Portugal, excavated by Portuguese archaeologists since 2001.
Church of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação
 
 Mértola, Alentejo   Portugal (then the Almohad Caliphate) Second-half of the 12th century[136] Unique and most identifiable former mosque in Portugal, although a mixture of Almohad and Manueline post-Gothic architecture. Rebuilt in the second half of the 12th century with some elements from the 9th century.
Giralda
 
 Seville, Andalusia   Spain (then the Almohad Caliphate) 1248 [137] Only the minaret remains. Mosque comparable in size to Great mosque of Cordoba, mostly destroyed by earthquake in 1365. Minaret used as a church bell tower was built higher in the 16th century.
Church of São Clemente
 
 Tavira, Algarve   Portugal (then the Kingdom of Portugal) Second-half of the 13th century[138] Only parts of the original minaret remain, incorporated in the church bell tower. It's 22.7 metres tall and 4.2 metres wide. Across it lies an old Muslim cemetery of Jardim dos Amuados.
Mosque of Tórtoles
 
 Tarazona, Aragon   Spain (then the Crown of Aragon) 15th-century (completed)[139] Almost unaltered in the later centuries.
San Sebastian Minaret (Alminar De San Sebastian)   Ronda, Andalusia   Spain (then the Almohad Caliphate) Only minaret of the medium-size mosque in Plaza Abul Beka neighborhood remains. Minaret was expanded and used as a bell tower. The mosque was converted to a church but destroyed in the 1600s during Morisco Revolts. Ronda was a Muslim city for 700 years. The city had 7 or 8 mosques, none survive today.[140]
  Russia
Building Image Location First built Denomination Notes
Juma Mosque Derbent, Dagestan (then part of the Abbasid Caliphate) 700-900 (approximate)[84]
Central Europe and Eastern Europe (excluding the Caucasus, European Russia and Nordic countries)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Agha Mosque
 
 Dragash   Kosovo 1268[141] Built by Muslims who migrated from Aleppo, in Syria, to Kosovo.[141]
Dzhumaya Mosque
 
 Plovdiv   Bulgaria 1363–1364 Built during the reign of Sultan Murad II the old building was demolished and replaced by the modern-day mosque.
Sailors' Mosque
 
 Ulcinj   Montenegro 14th century
Halit Efendi Mosque Slupčane, Lipkovo Municipality   North Macedonia 1415[142] It is considered to be the oldest mosque in North Macedonia. However, as a result of the various renovation works, the building has been altered to such an extent that it is no longer in its original state.[142]
Turhan Emin-Beg Mosque Ustikolina   Bosnia and Herzegovina 1448–1449[143] Built by Turhan Emin-beg. Known to have been destroyed two times (1941 and 1992) and rebuilt two times (1956 and 2007).[143]
Fatih Mosque, Elbasan Elbasan Castle   Albania 1466[144] Built by the orders of Sultan Mehmed II.[144]
Old Mosque, Plav (Imperial Mosque)
 
 Plav   Montenegro 1471[145] Built during the Ottoman rule in the city.[145]
King Mosque or Sultan Bayazit Mosque
 
 Elbasan   Albania 1482
Iljaz Mirahori Mosque
 
 Korçë   Albania 1494[146] It was built by Iljaz Hoxha, also known as Iljaz Bey Mirahor,[146] and is a Cultural Monument of Albania.[147]
Mosque of Kuklibeu
 
 Prizren   Kosovo 1534
Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi
 
 Prizren   Kosovo 1543–1581
Esmahan Sultan Mosque
 
 Mangalia   Romania 1575 Oldest mosque in Romania
  Poland 1558 (earliest attestation in writing)[148] Tatar mosques in Poland were noted in a 1558 treatise Risale-i Tatar-i Lech.[148]
  Lithuania (then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) 1500–1600[149] Various records indicate Lithuanian Tatars built mosques in the Duchy during the 16th century[149]
Mosque of Sinan Pasha
 
 Prizren   Kosovo 1615
Log pod Mangartom Mosque
 
 Log pod Mangartom, Municipality of Bovec   Slovenia (then Austria-Hungary) 1916[150] Built by Bosniak members of the Austro-Hungarian army.[150]
Gunja Mosque
 
 Gunja   Croatia 1969 The first and one of the few mosques in Croatia, located near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vienna Islamic Centre-Mosque
 
 Vienna   Austria 1979[151]
Brno Mosque
 
 Brno   Czech Republic 1998[152] Construction began 1996, inaugurated 1998.[152]
British Isles
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute
 
 Liverpool,   England   United Kingdom 1891[153] Liverpool Muslim Institute Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error.[154]
Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre Dublin   Ireland 1976[152] The first purpose-built mosque was built in Ballyhaunis in 1987.[citation needed]
See also: List of mosques in France and List of mosques in Germany
Western-Central Europe (excluding the British Isles, Nordic countries, and countries that are also in Eastern Europe)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Père Lachaise Ottoman Mosque
 
 Paris (first in Metropolitan France)   France 1856 This mosque served for burial prayers for Ottoman diplomats, North African military personnel, and Turkish and Arab students. It fell into disrepair when France and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1914.[155]
Grand Mosque of Paris
 
 Paris   France 1926 The mosque was built in the Moroccan style and honored Muslim French veterans of World War I.[156]
Wünsdorf Mosque
 
 Wünsdorf, Berlin   Germany 1915 Erected in 1915 by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
Mobarak Mosque
 
 The Hague   Netherlands 1955 The first known purpose-built mosque in the Netherlands.
Centre Islamique de Genève ("Little Mosque" of Geneva) Geneva    Switzerland 1961 Founded by Said Ramadan
Nordic countries
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Järvenpää Mosque   Finland 1942 A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Nordic countries. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops.[157]
Nusrat Djahan Mosque Hvidovre, outside Copenhagen   Denmark 1967[157] Founded by the Ahmadiyya; first purpose-built mosque in a Nordic country.
Islamic Cultural Centre Norway Oslo   Norway 1974 Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims; of the Sunni Deobandi school. The first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, opened in 1975; the first Sunni Barelvi mosque opened in 1976.
Nasir Mosque Gothenburg   Sweden 1976
Stockholm   Sweden 2000[158] Converted from Katarinastation, a former power station.
Reykjavík Mosque Reykjavík   Iceland 2002[159] Not a purpose-built mosque, but serves as an interim gathering site.

Oceania

See also: List of mosques in Oceania and List of mosques in Australia
Australasia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Marree Mosque Marree, South Australia   Australia 1861[160] / 1882[69] Small structure in the South Australian desert built by Australia's "Afghan" camel-drivers, has been restored.
Central Adelaide Mosque Adelaide   Australia 1888[160] The oldest major city mosque in the country.[160]
Auckland   New Zealand 1979 (begun)[161] Cornerstone laid in 1979; the first Islamic centre in the country was installed in an Auckland house bought in 1959.[161]
Melanesia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Hidayatullah Sanoek Mosque Sanoek, South Waigeo, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua   Indonesia 1505 (approximate) The oldest surviving mosque in Oceania[162]
Vitogo, Nausori, and Tavua[163]   Fiji 1922 (approximate)[163] A number of wooden mosques were built by local Islamic assemblies around 1922.[163]
Port Moresby[69]   Papua New Guinea 2000[164] Islam was introduced to the island in the 1970s,[164] and the first Islamic centre established in 1988.[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm,"[22]

References

  1. ^ a b c Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-9187-2058-0.
  2. ^ a b c Quran 17:1-7 Quran 17:1–7
  3. ^ Quran 2:144–217
  4. ^ Quran 5:2 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  5. ^ Quran 8:34 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  6. ^ Quran 9:7–28
  7. ^ Quran 22:25 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  8. ^ Quran 48:25–27
  9. ^ Quran 2:127 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  10. ^ Quran 3:96 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  11. ^ Quran 22:25–37
  12. ^ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
  13. ^ Zeitlin, I. M. (2013-04-25). "3". The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0745654881.
  14. ^ National Geographic Society (U.S.); de Blij, H.J.; Downs, R.; John Wiley & Sons (2007). Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World. Wiley. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-471-74117-6. Retrieved 2022-06-15. Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.
  15. ^ "The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem: The Islamic Vision. The Islamic Quarterly. 4 (1998): pp.233–242
  16. ^ Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52575-6.
  17. ^ el-Khatib, Abdallah (1 May 2001). "Jerusalem in the Qur'ān". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 28 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1080/13530190120034549. S2CID 159680405. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  18. ^ Khalek, N. (2011). Jerusalem in Medieval Islamic Tradition. Religion Compass, 5(10), 624–630. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00305.x. "One of the most pressing issues in both medieval and contemporary scholarship related to Jerusalem is weather the city is explicitly referenced in the text of the Qur'an. Sura 17, verse 1, which reads [...] has been variously interpreted as referring to the miraculous Night Journey and Ascension of Muhammad, events recorded in medieval sources and known as the isra and miraj. As we will see, this association is a rather late and even a contested one. [...] The earliest Muslim work on the Religious Merits of Jerusalem was the Fada'il Bayt al-Maqdis by al-Walid ibn Hammad al-Ramli (d. 912 CE), a text which is recoverable from later works. [...] He relates the significance of Jerusalem vis-a-vis the Jewish Temple, conflating 'a collage of biblical narratives' and comments pilgrimage to Jerusalem, a practice which was controversial in later Muslim periods."
  19. ^ a b Frederick S. Colby (6 August 2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7914-7788-5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018. If Muslims interpret the qur'anic phrase "the sacred place of prayer" in diverse ways, one encounters even more debate over the destination of the night journey, the "furthest place of prayer". From the earliest extant Muslim texts, it becomes clear that a group of Muslims from the beginning interpreted "furthest place of prayer" with the city of Jerusalem in general and its Herodian/Solomonic Temple in particular. It is equally clear that other early Muslims disputed this connection, identifying the "furthest place of prayer" instead as a reference to a site in the heavens. Eventually a general consensus formed around the idea that Muhammad's journey did indeed take him to Jerusalem. Even if the night journey verse were thought to refer first and foremost to the terrestrial portion of Muhammad's journey, nevertheless for centuries scholars and storytellers also continued to connect this verse with the idea of an ascent through the levels of the heavens.
  20. ^ Grabar, Oleg (1959). "The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem". Ars Orientalis. 3: 33–62. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629098. Bevan has shown that among early traditionists there are many who do not accept the identification of the masjid al-aqsd, and among them are to be found such great names as al-Bukhari and Tabarl. Both Ibn Ishaq an al-Ya'qubi precede their accounts with expressions which indicate that these are stories which are not necessarily accepted as dogma. It was suggested by J. Horovitz that in the early period of Islam there is little justification for assuming that the Koranic expression in any way referred to Jerusalem. But while Horovitz thought that it referred to a place in heaven, A. Guillaume's careful analysis of the earliest texts (al-Waqidi and al-Azraqi, both in the later second century A.H.) has convincingly shown that the Koranic reference to the masjid al-aqsa applies specifically to al-Ji'ranah, near Mekkah, where there were two sanctuaries (masjid al-adnai and masjid al-aqsa), and where Muhammad so-journed in dha al-qa'dah of the eighth year after the Hijrah.
  21. ^ Busse, H. (1968). The sanctity of Jerusalem in Islam. Judaism, 17(4), 441. "Tradition varies as to the location of the Ascension; Syrian local tradition was able to prevail, by maintaining that the Ascension started in Jerusalem rather than in Mecca, directly following the Night Journey".
  22. ^ Grabar 2000, p. 203.
  23. ^ Quran 2:129 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  24. ^ Long, David E. (1979). "2: The Rites of the Hajj". The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah. SUNY Press. pp. 11–24. ISBN 978-0-8739-5382-5. With thousands of Hajjis, most of them in motor vehicles, rushing headlong for Muzdalifah, the potential is there for one of ... There is special grace for praying at the roofless mosque in Muzdalifah called al-Mash'ar al-Haram (the Sacred Grove) ...
  25. ^ Danarto (1989). A Javanese pilgrim in Mecca. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8674-6939-4. It was still dark when we arrived at Muzdalifah, four miles away. The Koran instructs us to spend the night at al-Mash'ar al-Haram. the Sacred Grove at Muzdalifah, as one of the conditions for the hajj . We scrambled out of the bus and looked ...
  26. ^ Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of religion. Vol. 10. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 7159. ISBN 978-0-0286-5743-1. The Qur'an admonishes: "When you hurry from Arafat, remember God at the Sacred Grove (al-mash' ar al-haram)," that is, at Muzdalifah (2:198). Today a mosque marks the place in Muzdalifah where pilgrims gather to perform the special saldt ...
  27. ^ Ziauddin Sardar; M. A. Zaki Badawi (1978). Hajj Studies. Jeddah: Croom Helm for Hajj Research Centre. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8566-4681-2. Muzdalifah is an open plain sheltered by parched hills with sparse growth of thorn bushes. The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram. On the morning of the tenth, all depart ... {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Quran 9:108 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  29. ^ a b Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0470658987. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  30. ^ "The untold story of King Negash and the al Nejashi Mosque". 18 July 2019.
  31. ^ "Negash Āmedīn Mesgīd". Madain Project. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  32. ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2018). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-691-65660-1.
  33. ^ Shoup, John A. (2017). The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-4408-4041-8.
  34. ^ Sheehan, Peter (2015). Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 143. ISBN 978-977-416-731-7.
  35. ^ O'Kane, Bernard (2016). The Mosques of Egypt. American University of Cairo Press. p. 2. ISBN 9789774167324.
  36. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Kairouan". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 366. ISBN 9780195309911.
  37. ^ Lafer, Ali. "Sidi 'Uqba (mosque, minaret and tomb)". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  38. ^ a b Chater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490. ISBN 9789004161214.
  39. ^ Daoulatli, Abdelaziz (2018). "La Grande Mosquée Zitouna : un authentique monument aghlabide (milieu du IXe siècle)". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa (in French). Brill. p. 248. ISBN 978-90-04-35566-8.
  40. ^ Lamine, Sihem (2018). "The Zaytuna: The Mosque of a Rebellious City". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 269–293. ISBN 978-90-04-35566-8.
  41. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780300218701.
  42. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780300218701.
  43. ^ Great Mosque of Sousse. Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017.
  44. ^ a b c Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780300218701.
  45. ^ Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire". Al-Masaq. 23 (3): 171–188. doi:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063. S2CID 161308864.
  46. ^ Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 9789004161658.
  47. ^ Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée (in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. pp. 5, 17–24.
  48. ^ Terrasse, Henri (1942). La mosquée des Andalous à Fès (in French). Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. pp. 10–11.
  49. ^ a b Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Libiya (Libyan Arab People's Socialist State)". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 165–166. ISBN 9781134613663.
  50. ^ a b Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 9780300218701.
  51. ^ Almagro, Antonio (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura". Al-Qantara. 36 (1): 199–257. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007. hdl:10261/122812.
  52. ^ a b c d Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1124-6.
  53. ^ "Kizimkazi Mosque". ArchNet. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  54. ^ Pauly, Martial (10 February 2011). "La mosquée de Tsingoni, la plus ancienne mosquée en activité de France (Tsingoni Mosque, the oldest active mosque in France)". Archeologie Mayotte, Océan Indien (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  55. ^ a b Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780313331770. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  56. ^ Melton, John Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2002-01-01). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. S – Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 1285. ISBN 9781576072233.
  57. ^ Tayob, Abdulkader (1999). Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons. University Press of Florida. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-8130-2485-1.
  58. ^ le Roux, Schalk (June 2007). "The First Mosque: Caledon Street, Uitenhage" (PDF). Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Kultuurgeskiedenis (South African Journal of Cultural History). 21 (1): 34. hdl:2263/5330.
  59. ^ "Visit the Juma Masjid Mosque", Sa-venues.com, 1999–2018, retrieved 2018-05-15
  60. ^ Boehm, Eric H. (2000-01-01). Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450–1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. p. 71.
  61. ^ Sasongko, Agus (31 January 2019). "Muslim Swaziland Mendamba Masjid" [Swaziland Muslims Longing for Mosque]. Republika (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  62. ^ a b Arabian American Oil Company; Saudi Aramco; Aramco Services (1987). Aramco world. Aramco. p. 67. Retrieved 5 July 2012. – Then, in 1902, Indonesian Muslims from Java arrived to cultivate Suriname's coastal rice fields, and four years later, the country's first mosque was built at Wanica.
  63. ^ a b J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  64. ^ Mesquita Brasil: Nossa História Archived 2018-04-23 at the Wayback Machine in Portuguese.
  65. ^ a b David Westerlund; Ingvar Svanberg (13 November 1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 453–. ISBN 978-0-312-22691-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  66. ^ Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312226916. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  67. ^ "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  68. ^ "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  69. ^ a b c d Florian Pohl (1 September 2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 374–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  70. ^ Social and Economic Studies. 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  71. ^ "City Mosque celebrating 60 years". Barbados Advocate. 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  72. ^ "Invitation to celebrate the end of the Ramadan". Curaçao Chronicle. 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  73. ^ "Faith facts about Haitian New Yorkers". A Journey through NYC religions. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  74. ^ Guzmán, Roberto Marín (2000). A Century of Palestinian Immigration Into Central America. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN 9789977675879. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  75. ^ Muslim community officially opens Belize City Mosque
  76. ^ a b Mwakikagile, Godfrey (June 2010). Belize and Its People. Continental Press. ISBN 9789987932214. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  77. ^ a b AA, Daily Sabah with (2016-06-28). "Haiti's first mosque with minaret opens". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  78. ^ Abdul-Ali (August 24, 2005), Jawatha Mosque in danger of going down, Al-Ahsa: Jafariya News
  79. ^ Roger Wood (1975). An introduction to Saudi Arabian antiquities. Department of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 151. Retrieved 18 October 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  80. ^ John, Lawton (1991), The Arab Heartland, vol. 42, Saudi Aramco World, archived from the original on 2012-10-04, retrieved 2019-01-20
  81. ^ a b Darke, Diane (2010). Oman: The Brad Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623320. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  82. ^ a b c "مسجد الشواذنة – سلطنة عمان". مرصد التراث المعماري والعمراني في البلدان العربية [Observatory of Architectural and Urban Heritage in Arab Countries] (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  83. ^ Costa, Paolo (2001). Historic mosques and shrines of Oman. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-84171-230-7.
  84. ^ a b Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203203873. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  85. ^ Middle East on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet Publications. 1997-01-01. p. 131. ISBN 9780864424075.
  86. ^ "Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past". The National. Emirates 24/7. 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  87. ^ Power, Timothy (2018-09-13). "How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history". The National. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  88. ^ Eugene Harnan (21 August 2011). "Oldest UAE mosque holds onto its secrets".
  89. ^ China By Shelley Jiang,pg. 274
  90. ^ Fodor's China edited by Margaret Kelly, pg 618
  91. ^ Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places By Britannica Educational Publishing, pg. 181–182, Kenneth Pletcher
  92. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing; Kenneth Pletcher (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 9781615301829. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  93. ^ Farah, Caesar E. (1 February 2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 291–. ISBN 978-0-7641-2226-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  94. ^ Heon Choul Kim (2008). The Nature and Role of Sufism in Contemporary Islam: A Case Study of the Life, Thought and Teachings of Fethullah Gulen. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-549-70579-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  95. ^ "Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat". The Times of India. November 5, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  96. ^ "India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat". The Times of India. 8 December 2017.
  97. ^ Sharma, Indu (2018-03-22). "Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat". Gujarat Travel Blog. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  98. ^ Prof.Mehboob Desai,Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar,Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May,page 4
  99. ^ Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad,July 2012,P 444
  100. ^ "1400-year-old mosque to be restored to its original form". The Hindu. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  101. ^ "INTERVIEW". iosworld.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  102. ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 814–815 Vol. 4.
  103. ^ Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-134-61366-3.
  104. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Balkh". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780195309911.
  105. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2011). "La mosquée Hâji-Piyâdah / Noh-Gonbadân à Balkh (Afghanistan). Un chef d'oeuvre de Fazl le Barmacide construit en 178-179/794-795 ?". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 155 (1): 565–625. doi:10.3406/crai.2011.93171.
  106. ^ "Mosque of Bhambore". discover-pakistan.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  107. ^ "First Mosque of South Asia". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  108. ^ "Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan". achinsights.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  109. ^ "Chaqchan Mosque – Pakistan". Dunya News. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  110. ^ Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. m. Angeles; Sam Wong (1 March 2010). Identity in Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-90-8964-127-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  111. ^ Let's Go, Inc. Staff (2004). Let's Go Southeast Asia 9th Edition (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-03123-35670.
  112. ^ Richmond, Simon (2010). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Lonely Planet. p. 580. ISBN 9781741048872. Retrieved 15 March 2015. first mosque singapore.
  113. ^ a b Florida, Nancy K. (1995). "5: The Demak Mosque: A Construction of Authority". Babad Jaka Tingkir: Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1622-0.
  114. ^ "300 Years Mosque". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  115. ^ Ariff, Mohamed (1991). The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813016071. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  116. ^ Mann, Sylvia (January 1, 1983). This is Israel: pictorial guide & souvenir. Palphot Ltd. ISBN 9789652800008 – via Google Books.
  117. ^ a b The Arabahmet Mosque, Nicosia, North Cyprus
  118. ^ Arabahmet (Arap Ahmet) Mosque in North Nicosia – Cyprus44, the north cyprus guide
  119. ^ Magdalino, Paul, et al. "Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia" in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  120. ^ Friday Mosque Archnet. 8-1-2017.
  121. ^ Kathryn Petras; Ross Petras (11 June 1996). World Access: The Handbook for Citizens of the Earth. Simon and Schuster. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-0-684-81016-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  122. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Córdoba". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 505–508. ISBN 9780195309911.
  123. ^ "Aljafería Palace (Islamic part) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum".
  124. ^ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. pp. 118–120. ISBN 3822896322.
  125. ^ "Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon". UNESCO World Heritage Center.
  126. ^ a b Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780190624552.
  127. ^ a b Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. pp. 98, 125, 132. ISBN 9781317870418.
  128. ^ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 61. ISBN 3822896322.
  129. ^ "Caliphate City of Medina Azahara". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  130. ^ Antonio Pareja (1999). Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999–1999. Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
  131. ^ Pareja, Antonio. Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999-1999. [Spain]:Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 1999.
  132. ^ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 88. ISBN 3822896322.
  133. ^ Markus Hattstein; Peter Delius (2007). Islam. Arte y arquitectura. Tandem Verlag.
  134. ^ Castilla-La Mancha, Descubre e Sciente
  135. ^ "Igreja matriz de Mértola". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
  136. ^ Mendonça, Isabel; Gordalina, Rosário (2007), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Mértola/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Anunciação (IPA.00000741/PT040209040002) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 17 April 2017
  137. ^ "5 Most Impressive Historic Mosques in Spain - History Lists".
  138. ^ "Igreja matriz de Loulé". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
  139. ^ Markus Hattstein and Peter Delius (2007), Mezquita de Tórtoles (Tarazona, ZARAGOZA), Tandem Verlag
  140. ^ "San Sebastian Minaret". rondatoday.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  141. ^ a b Sharr, KBI (March 2007). "Këshilli me xhaminë më të vjetër në rajon". DITURIA ISLAME, Revistë Mujore, Fetare, Kulturore e Shkencore. 200 (xhamitë nëpër këshillat e Kosovës): 50.
  142. ^ a b "Џамијата на Бедр {{in lang|mk}}". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  143. ^ a b "Najstarija dzamija u BiH – ..::USTIKOLINA::." Ustikolina. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  144. ^ a b "Xhamia e parë në Shqipëri (1466)". Orientalizmi Shqiptar. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  145. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2014-01-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  146. ^ a b Albania Explorer Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
  147. ^ "Religious buildings with the 'Culture Monument' status". Republic of Albania National Committee for Culture. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  148. ^ a b Polish Art Studies. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1991-01-01. p. 40.
  149. ^ a b Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna (2011). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe. Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska. ISBN 9788390322957. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  150. ^ a b ALI H. Žerdin, Ali H. (20 August 2002). "Minaret nad Alpami". Mladina. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  151. ^ Hunter, Shireen; Hunter, Shireen T. (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780275976095. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  152. ^ a b c Jorgen S. Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasic (15 October 2009). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-90-04-17505-1. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  153. ^ "Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute". Open University. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  154. ^ Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (July 2010). "The first registered mosque in the UK, Cardiff, 1860': the evolution of a myth". Contemporary Islam. 4 (2): 179–193. doi:10.1007/s11562-010-0116-9. ISSN 1872-0218. S2CID 145759796.
  155. ^ Gence, Christelle. "Sur les traces de la mosquée du Père Lachaise". Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  156. ^ Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2002). Muslim Minorities in the West. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 9780759102187. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  157. ^ a b Kent, Neil (2005). Helsinki. Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated. ISBN 9781566565448. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  158. ^ Out, Time (2011). Time Out Stockholm. Time Out Guides. ISBN 9781846702303. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  159. ^ "Iceland". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  160. ^ a b c "Afghan cameleers in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  161. ^ a b Abdullah Drury (2006). Islam in New Zealand: the first mosque : a short history of the New Zealand Muslim Association & the Ponsonby Mosque. A. Drury. ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  162. ^ Tejomukti, Ratna Ajeng (3 December 2017). "Tiga Masjid Bersejarah di Tanah Papua" [Three Historical Mosques in Papua] (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  163. ^ a b c M. Alī Kettani (1986). Muslim minorities in the world today. Mansell. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7201-1802-5. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  164. ^ a b Taylor & Francis Group (September 2004). Europa World Year Book 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3363–. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_oldest_mosques&oldid=1262589130#Mentioned_in_the_Quran"