Wikipedia

List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication

(Redirected from List of abuse allegations made via facilitated communication)

There have been instances in which a person, through facilitated communication (FC)—a scientifically discredited technique[1] that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal—seems to disclose experiences of abuse.[2] Often, the alleged abuse is sexual and contains "extensive, explicit, pornographic details".[3][4] While facilitators are taught to expect their communication partners to reveal sensitive, personal issues,[5] researchers find that facilitators involved in this type of case mistakenly suspect abuse by family members or others.[6][7]

In 1993, Frontline's "Prisoners of Silence" featured the story of Gerry Gherardi of New Hampshire, who was accused, through FC-generated messages, of sexually abusing his son. Despite protestations of innocence, Gherardi was forced to stay away from his home for six months.[8] The charges were dropped when court-ordered double-blind tests showed that Gherardi's son could not write.[9] In the same year, Bernard Rimland reported in a New York Times article that he knew of about 25 cases where families were accused through facilitated communication of sexually abusing their children.[10]

By 1995, there were sixty known cases,[7][11] with untold numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility. Since then, the number of cases continues to increase. In addition to accusations of sexual abuse, facilitators, reportedly, have developed sexual feelings for their communication partners and, relying on FC for consent, initiated sexual, physical contact with people in their care,[12][13] raising serious ethical and legal problems for facilitators, protective service agencies, law enforcement, court officials, educators, and family members alike.[14]

The "Carla" case

edit

About the same time FC was gaining popularity in the United States in the early 1990s, the Guardianship and Administration Board in Melbourne, Australia, was reviewing a landmark case involving allegations of sexual abuse and facilitated communication. The 1990 case involved a 28-year-old woman (pseudonym "Carla") with severe disabilities who was removed, twice, from her home by state authorities because of messages obtained through FC that she was being sexually abused at home.

Nine facilitators, including Rosemary Crossley, one of Australia's leaders in FC movement, over a course of nine months, obtained messages through FC that allegedly involved incest, rape and other sexual depredations. Crossley had assessed Carla in August 1988, indicating that her ability to spell was very good and expressing amazement at the extent of Carla's vocabulary and perceptions during the evaluation. Officials removed Carla from the home when one of the facilitators, through another facilitated session, indicated Carla threatened suicide if she was not removed from her home.[15][16]

Following a 15-month custody battle, the Guardianship Board accepted extensive evidence from psychological and other tests that agreed that the woman had a severe intellectual disability, was unable to differentiate between letters of the alphabet, and could not have authored the messages. Double-blind testing, conducted by psychologists Alan Hudson and Beatrice Melita, demonstrated that the only meaningful responses obtained through FC were when the facilitator knew the questions being asked of Carla.[17] The court determined that Carla and her family were "victims" and admonished the facilitators: "the one step that would have prevented the case occurring—prior verification that the woman could communicate with facilitated communication—had not been done." All charges were dropped and custody was granted to Carla's family.[2][15][16]

The Storch case

edit

In 1991, Mark Storch, of Shokan, New York, was charged with abusing his daughter after the Department of Social Services received reports that his daughter, Jenny, a 14-year-old with autism, had, through facilitated communication, disclosed recurring sexual assaults, including 200 vaginal and anal rapes. Storch's wife, Laura, was charged with neglect. Despite no physical evidence of abuse, inconsistencies in the facilitated testimony, and questions about the facilitator's troubling personal history, officials pressed charges, which led to a costly, 10-month legal battle. The case was dropped because FC lacked sufficient testing and acceptance in the scientific community.

Bennett Leventhal, head of pediatric psychology at the University of Chicago, testified in the Storch's defense, saying:

The obligation of an investigator into a new technique is to show how it works. With FC, there's this basic assumption of "What can it hurt?" The Storch trial is living proof of how dangerous it is to embrace new science before it has been tested.[18]

The Wheaton case

edit

In 1992, the parents of Betsy Wheaton, a 16-year-old nonspeaking person with autism, were, through facilitated communication, falsely accused of sexually abusing their daughter. The facilitator, Janyce Boynton, who was trained in FC at the University of Maine,[19][20] interpreted Betsy's hitting and scratching during facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuses occurring at home. Boynton reported these incidents to the Department of Human Services, and Betsy and her brother were removed from the home. The brother was also implicated. The parents' attorney hired Howard Shane of Boston Children's Hospital to conduct testing of authorship. It was determined through double blind testing that Boynton, not Betsy, was authoring the messages obtained through facilitation. Boynton, unlike many other facilitators who have undergone testing, accepted the results, stopped using FC, and persuaded the school system to stop using FC as well.[8][21][22][14][23]

Looking back on her training, Boynton could see that it had been inadequate. She had not worked with anyone who was nonverbal, and she was pronounced "good to go" after only two days of mostly lectures. She knew that disabled people suffer relatively high levels of abuse, was taught that there was a strong affinity between patient and facilitator, so, she has stated, "you get this sense in your head that you're the only one this person trusts... And then you get overly protective and you have that thought in your head that maybe they've been abused." She describes the process of facilitating as "everything happening at once.... you're so distracted by other things." Until she was tested, she fully believed that she was protecting Betsy. Howard Shane states: "You're expected to believe (the person has been abused) and then, bam, the accusation happens."[24]

Of the Wheaton case, Todd wrote:

The real responsibility for the Wheaton tragedy lies with Rosemary Crossley, Douglas Biklen, and their acolytes. Despite all of their advanced degrees, professional credentials, and university appointments, they failed in their professional and ethical responsibility to show that FC was safe and effective before foisting it on the world. Having donned the trappings of expertise and put themselves out as authorities, they incurred what John Erskine called "the moral obligation to be intelligent." Long before they even thought to put pen to paper and write their extravagant tales of extraordinary awakenings, they should have heeded not just the technical lessons of Clever Hans, but the findings of more than a century of scientific and practical investigations of automatic writing, experimenter bias, mental telepathy, unconscious influence, subjective validation, stimulus leakage, expectancy effects, deception and self-delusion. Had they exercised due scientific diligence, the developers of FC would have quickly realized that they had done nothing better than turn pliant arms into Ouija planchettes and reinvent the seance.[14]

The Cracchiolo case

edit

In 1993, Gregory Cracchiolo, who taught students with severe developmental disabilities in Whittier, California, was accused of sexually assaulting four of his students, with facilitated communication being the only source of evidence. The student making the allegation was unable to communicate by speech to verify these claims. Cracchiolo lost his job and faced 11 felony counts of forcible sodomy and forced oral copulation. He faced a maximum sentence of 88 years in prison. While authorship testing was not done, the charges were dropped after a month, because FC lacked the scientific evidence to determine its efficacy. The prosecutor continued to believe the abuses occurred. Cracchiolo blamed the case for ending his teaching career.[25]

The Lehman case

edit

In 1993, David and Jean Lehman of Newmarket, Ontario, were charged with sexually abusing their 20-year-old son, Derek, based solely on evidence obtained through facilitated communication. At birth, Derek had been diagnosed with autism and severe intellectual disability and, at the time of the allegations, lived in a group home. He was not able to speak but could use two hand signals: "please" and "toilet". He was not able to recognize numbers beyond three and was not aware of his own sex or that of others.

During authorship testing, conducted by Mary Konstantareas, psychology professor at the University of Guelph, Derek was not able to name an object that he had seen but his facilitators had not. After a year-long court battle, the charges were proven unfounded and dropped. The ordeal left the Lehmans in debt, nearly losing their business, and drove David Lehman to nearly committing suicide. The Lehmans filed an $8.5 million civil suit and accepted a settlement for an undisclosed amount. They were also granted custodianship of their son.[26]

The Oakland County, Michigan case

edit

In 1997, a Michigan couple, who had lost custody of their daughter, was awarded $750,000 by a federal jury when jurors concluded that the officials in the case "knew or should have known the girl's facilitated allegations of abuse were bogus."[27][28][29][30]

The England case

edit

In 1999, a 50-year-old businessman from the south of England was accused, through FC, of abusing his 17-year-old son. The son, reportedly, had severe autism and epileptic seizures[31] and was not able to speak. Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, President of the High Court Family Division, ruled on the first case of its kind in England,[32] saying FC was "dangerous" and should not be used by UK courts to "back up or dismiss allegations of abuse".[33][34] She also indicated the court was "entirely satisfied the allegations were unfounded",[35] since there was no evidence that the father or anyone else was a perpetrator, or that the abuse had ever occurred.[31][32]

The Wendrow case

edit

In 2007, Julian Wendrow of West Bloomfield, Michigan, was charged with sexually abusing his daughter and placed in jail for 80 days.[36] His wife, Tali, was accused of severely mentally and emotionally abusing her children and was forced to wear an electronic tether.[37][14] Their 13-year-old son was also named as a perpetrator. Both children were placed in foster care.

The allegations resulted from messages obtained via FC at school while an aide helped guide the girl's hand.[21] The case was a "virtual rerun" of the 1992 Betsy Wheaton case.[12][21] When lawyers questioned the girl without the facilitator present, she was unable to answer questions, including "What color is your sweater?" and "Are you a boy or a girl?"[37] The case fell apart due to lack of physical evidence of abuse and facilitated testimony that contained information inconsistent with the Wendrow family, lifestyle and living arrangements: relatives that did not exist, Christian theology attributed to observant Jewish parents, nonexistent rooms and photos.[37][14]

Aislinn testified, through FC, that she was afraid of her father because of a gun. Police found no guns in the home.[38] As a result, the charges were dropped and the children returned to their parents. Prosecutors continued to believe the girl was afraid of her father.[36] A wrongful arrest suit was settled for $1.8 million, which, according to the attorney representing the Police Department, was a business decision made by the insurance company and was not an admission of wrongdoing or liability.[39]

The Gigi Jordan case

edit

On February 3, 2010, Gigi Jordan of New York was found by police in the Peninsula New York hotel. She was incoherent from a drug overdose. Jude Mirra, her eight-year-old son, was also found, dead from a mixture of painkillers and anti-inflammatories which Jordan force-fed him. Jordan, at the time, was under the impression Mirra wanted to die because of alleged sexual abuse typed out during sessions involving FC. Despite testifying that she was "by Jude's side at all hours of the day", Jordan believed the biological father, her ex-husband, had been abusing the boy for years and that Mirra's diagnosis of autism was actually a catatonic psychosis brought on by the alleged abuse. To Jordan, the killing was "altruistic filicide"—a mercy killing.[40][41]

Mirra, who was diagnosed with autism, was not able to speak. Jordan indicated that Mirra, through FC, had told her "I need a lot of drugs to die peacefully" and "I wish you do it soon." Although Jordan and Mirra communicated by typing together on a BlackBerry, no witnesses ever observed Mirra type by himself. In reviewing typed messages provided by Jordan of her son's disclosures, court officials questioned whether Mirra had the capacity to understand or spell words like "aggressively" and "sadistic".[40][42]

Jordan also believed her second ex-husband, a pharmaceutical executive, was stealing millions of dollars from her and wanted her killed. Both men denied the accusations. No evidence of any crimes committed in connection with the case were found against either of the two men.[40] In November 2014, the jury accepted Jordan's claim of extreme emotional disturbance and found her guilty of first-degree manslaughter in the death of her son.[40] On December 31, 2022, she was found dead at her home hours after U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor revoked her bail.[43] Her death was ruled a suicide.[44]

The Wales case

edit

In 2012, the parents of a young woman with severe intellectual disabilities, autism, and profound communication problems were reunited with their daughter after the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales concluded they had been wrongfully arrested on suspicion of serious sexual assault obtained via FC. The family had been separated for six months. No charges were brought against the parents. Rowan Wilson, a psychiatrist, had, on November 8, 2010, assessed the woman's mental capacity using FC,[45] though he, admittedly, had no knowledge or experience of the system.[46] He also failed to consider the discrepancy between the woman's language fluency with and without FC.[46] The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Services ruled that Wilson was still fit to practice because "he had shown remorse and insight into the errors he was highly unlikely to repeat." Wilson participated in further training in autism.[46]

The Hialeah case

edit

In 2018, Jose Cordero spent 35 days in jail and was barred from seeing his family for months after he was accused of abusing his seven-year-old autistic son. The accusations arose through the child's teacher using the "hand-over-hand" method of FC. Miami-Dade prosecutors grew suspicious when, through the facilitator the boy made even more outlandish claims and language not typical for someone that age. After being paired with a different teacher and specialist the child was no longer able to reproduce a single word. Coupled with negative DNA testing this resulted in the charges being dropped. According to a final State Attorney report, "Due to significant inconsistencies within the victim's disclosures coupled with controversial means by which the disclosure was obtained, and a lack of corroborating witnesses, the state would be unable to prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt at this time."[47]

The case raises questions about whether or not the teacher, Saul Fumero, made up the allegations and whether the district was aware he was using a discredited communication method. Fumero acknowledged that he has had no formal training in FC. A Miami-Dade Schools spokeswoman did not say whether the district would review Fumero's actions, but noted that teachers are required by law to immediately report allegations of abuse. The spokeswoman, Daisy Gonzalez-Diego, added that the district "does not endorse the facilitated communication method and does not provide training" for it because it is not accepted by those working in the field of "augmentative and alternative communication".[47]

The John Pinnington case

edit

In 1998, middle-aged John Pinnington changed careers to focus on the care and treatment of individuals with autism (having been inspired by his experiences with his own autistic step-son). After several years of work in the field, Pinnington was hired by Thomley Hall College, a specialist facility for students aged 16–25 with autism, where he was promoted to the position of Deputy Headmaster in 2004. At the time of his promotion the college was aware that between the years 2000 and 2002, two young adults with autism had accused Pinnington of sexual abuse. Those charges, made during facilitated communication sessions, had been investigated by the college and by the police and found to be without foundation. In 2005, Pinnington learned that a third young man with autism had made an abuse allegation. Again, the charges were made during a facilitated communication session.

Despite the dismissal of all charges by police investigators, the law in the UK required that a record of the allegations remain in Pinnington's police record, and the charges came to light later in 2005 when a new set of background checks were mandated by a charity that had taken over the college. Despite the lack of any independent evidence of the abuse, and despite the fact that all allegations had been made during FC sessions, and despite the fact that one of the facilitators was the mother of an accuser, Pinnington was fired from his position by the charity.

Pinnington was unsuccessful in his attempts to have the abuse allegations expunged from his record, and in 2008, in a controversial landmark decision,[48] his appeal to the High Court was denied, even though the court agreed that there was "strong doubt" about the veracity of the allegations. The baseless accusations, made during FC sessions, permanently ended Pinnington's career as an educator and so seriously damaged his reputation that he has been unable to find employment of any kind.[49][50]

References

edit
  1. ^ Vyse, Stuart (7 August 2018). "Autism Wars: Science Strikes Back". Skeptical Inquirer Online. Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b Spake, Amanda (31 May 1992). "Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate". The Washington Post. p. W22. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  3. ^ Green, Gina (1994). "Mental Miracle or Sleight of Hand?". Skeptic. 2 (3): 68–76.
  4. ^ Shane, Howard C., ed. (1994). Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon. Singular Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-565-93341-5.
  5. ^ Green, Gina (Fall 1995). "An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon". Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 21 (2): 1–8.
  6. ^ Hall, Genae A. (1993). "Facilitator control as automatic behavior: a verbal analysis". The Analysis of Verbal Behavior. 11 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1007/bf03392890. PMC 2748555. PMID 22477083.
  7. ^ a b Lilienfeld, Scott O. (March 2007). "Psychological Treatments that Cause Harm". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (1): 53–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.531.9405. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x. PMID 26151919. S2CID 26512757.
  8. ^ a b Palfreman, Jon (October 19, 1993). "Frontline: Prisoners of Silence". PBS.org. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  9. ^ Koehler, Robert (19 October 1993). "TV Review 'Prisoners' Puts Autism Technique to the Test". Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. 9.
  10. ^ Goldman, Daniel (July 13, 1993). "New Treatments for Autism Arouse Hope and Skepticism". The New York Times. No. Late Edition. p. C.1. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  11. ^ Margolin, K.N. (1994). "How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System". In Shane, Howard C. (ed.). Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon. San Diego: Singular Publishing. pp. 227–257. ISBN 978-1-565-93341-5.
  12. ^ a b Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Marshall, Julia; Todd, James T.; Shane, Howard C. (2 February 2015). "The persistence of fad interventions in the face of negative scientific evidence: Facilitated Communication for autism as a case example". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 8 (2): 62–101. doi:10.1080/17489539.2014.976332. S2CID 145366255.
  13. ^ Sundstrom, Kathy (October 17, 2014). "Carer: "I fell in love": Grandma guilty of indecent dealing". Sunshine Coast Daily. Queensland, Australia. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e Todd, James T. (13 July 2012). "The moral obligation to be empirical: Comments on Boynton's "Facilitated Communication – what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator."". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 6 (1): 36–57. doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.704738. S2CID 143043194. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  15. ^ a b Heinrich, Paul (February 16, 1992). "State 'tortured' family – Landmark case finds experts' naivety 'tragic'". Sunday Age. No. Late Edition. Melbourne, Australia. p. 1.
  16. ^ a b Heinrichs, Paul (February 16, 1992). "Suffering at the hands of the protectors". Sunday Age. No. Late Edition. Melbourne, Australia. p. 9. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  17. ^ Hudson, A.; Melita, B.; Arnold, N. (1993). "Brief report: A case study assessing the validity of facilitated communication". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 23 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1007/BF01066425. PMID 8463196. S2CID 5869876.
  18. ^ Chideya, Farai (February 28, 1993). "The language of suspicion with an adult's hand gently supporting hers, an autistic child who'd never spoken could type messages on a keyboard. It seemed like a miracle – until the messages changed". Los Angeles Times. p. 34. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  19. ^ Boynton, Janyce (March 2012). "Facilitated Communication – what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 6 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.674680. S2CID 144642290.
  20. ^ Burke, Michael (2016-04-11). "How facilitators control words typed in facilitated communication without realizing". Daily Orange. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  21. ^ a b c Palfreman, Jon (11 May 2012). "The dark legacy of FC". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 6 (1): 14–17. doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.688343. S2CID 144395085.
  22. ^ von Tetzchner, Stephen (June 25, 2012). "Understanding facilitated communication: Lessons from a former facilitator – Comments on Boynton, 2012". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 6 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.699729. S2CID 217511582.
  23. ^ "Allegations by FC of Sexual Abuse Have Been Challenged". The Washington Post (Final ed.). 17 January 1995. p. z12.
  24. ^ Burke, Michael (April 11, 2016). "How facilitators control words typed in facilitated communication without realizing". The Daily Orange. Syracuse University. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  25. ^ Dillow, Gordon (January 24, 1993). "Teacher says method that helps disabled ruined him. Courts: Autism sufferers, using a 'facilitator' to communicate, accused teacher of sexual assault. Charges dropped but he plans to sue for $2.5 million". Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. 1.
  26. ^ Papp, Leslie (21 January 1996). "Autism 'miracle' a nightmare for family". The Toronto Star (Sunday Second ed.).
  27. ^ Dickerson, Brian (March 17, 2008). "Brian Dickerson Column: A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington, D.C.
  28. ^ Dickerson, Brian (March 17, 2008). "A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  29. ^ Dickerson, Brian (March 17, 2008). "A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  30. ^ "Gorcyca personally liable for $1-million judgment".
  31. ^ a b "Facilitated communication not reliable as evidence". The Times. London, England. July 26, 2000.
  32. ^ a b Rumbelow, Helen (July 13, 2000). "Autistic son's language aid led to abuse charge". The Times. London.
  33. ^ Gardner, Martin (January–February 2001). "Facilitated Communication: A Cruel Farce". Skeptical Inquirer: 17–19.
  34. ^ "Law Report: Case Summaries – 9 October 2000". The Independent. London. October 9, 2000.
  35. ^ Allen, Richard (12 July 2000). "Discredited test let to child abuse nightmare for father". The Evening Standard. London.
  36. ^ a b Wisely, John; Brasier, L.L. (March 11, 2008). "Dad of autistic Westbloomfield girl nearly free of rape charges: She won't testify, so case collapses". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington, D.C.
  37. ^ a b c Brasier, L.L.; Wisely, John (December 18, 2007). "Abuse case hinges on a keyboard". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  38. ^ Wisely, John; Brasier, L.L. (April 27, 2008). "Oakland fumbles sex case charges: overeager prosecutions can ruin lives, some say". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington, D.C.
  39. ^ Wisely, John; Brasier, L.L. (13 January 2011). "Dad's arrest in sex case results in $1.8 million settlement". Gannet News Service. p. ARC.
  40. ^ a b c d Sanchez, Ray and Remizowski, Leigh (November 5, 2014). "New York businesswoman guilty of manslaughter in son's death". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  41. ^ Bashan, Yoni (September 10, 2014). "Trial Begins for Gigi Jordan, accused of murdering her son with pills; the former Manhattan executive's lawyer said she killed her son out of "fierce love and devotion"". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 21, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  42. ^ Bashan, Yoni (October 9, 2014). "Gigi Jordan describes last moments with her son; testifies about details in a Peninsula Hotel Room, says she tried to revive Mirra". The Wall Street Journal. New York: Dow Jones & Company Inc. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  43. ^ Wallace, Danielle (January 2, 2023). "NYC millionaire pharma executive convicted of killing autistic son found dead after Supreme Court revokes bail". Fox News. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  44. ^ "Death of Pharma Millionaire Who Killed 8-Year-Old Son in Manhattan Hotel Ruled Suicide". NBC New York. January 4, 2023.
  45. ^ Shipton, Martin (November 9, 2012). "Parents wrongly accused of sexually abusing daughter; lawyers consider next step". The Western Mail. No. Edition 1, National Edition. p. 15.
  46. ^ a b c Devine, Darren (13 November 2012). "Daughter taken from parents after unproven abuse claims; Doctor used wrong method to question autistic woman". The Western Mail. No. Edition 1, National Edition. p. 15.
  47. ^ a b Ovalle, David; Kyra, Gurney. "How a teacher's 'junk science' landed a dad in jail on charge of raping his autistic son". miamiherald.com. Miami Herald. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  48. ^ Palmer, Alisdair (June 29, 2008). "This illogical law makes children the real victims". Sunday Telegraph London: 6.
  49. ^ Verkaik, Robert (January 30, 2008). "Police face legal challenge over criminal records checks". The Independent: 36.
  50. ^ Bingham, John (August 1, 2008). "Teacher's career is wrecked by 'lies.'". Daily Telegraph London: 11.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication&oldid=1258888545"